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词条 Callio
释义

  1. Operations and facilities

      Past projects    Access  

  2. The Pyhäsalmi Mine

  3. External links

  4. References

{{Infobox settlement
|name=Callio Pyhäsalmi
|coordinates={{coord|63.659902|N|26.041062|E|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map=Finland
|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Northern Ostrobothnia in Finland
|image_skyline=Pyhasalmi_mine_old_tower_and_surroundings.jpg
|image_caption=Old tower and surrounding buildings of Pyhäsalmi mine
}}

Callio is a project to oversee the reuse of the Pyhäsalmi Mine, located in the town of Pyhäjärvi in Finland. The mine is closing in 2019,[1] at which time Callio is supposed to take over for the mine facilities and all the associated infrastructure. Callio will be an operating environment for businesses and an underground research facility.

Callio is a joint project by the town of Pyhäjärvi and the University of Oulu. In 2017 the facility joined the "Baltic Sea Underground Facilities and Innovation Network" (BSUIN).[1][2][3]

The word ”callio” is an anglicised version of the Finnish word ”kallio” [kael-lee-oh], meaning crystalline bedrock.[4][5][6]

Operations and facilities

Callio is an umbrella organization for a variety of non-mining activities in and around the mine. Of these, CallioLab[7] oversees scientific research and development. Proposed new activities include a secure underground data center, pumped hydroelectrical energy storage, plant and fungus growing laboratories, breeding sites for insects and fish, and several other types of underground businesses.[9][8]

As of 2018,[2][7] there are four environmentally controlled laboratories in Callio. Listed top-to-bottom, they are:

  • Lab 1 at 75 m level (245 ft depth), occupied by the EMMA experiment;
  • Lab 4 at 660 m (2165 ft);
  • Lab 3 at 990 m (3250 ft);
  • Lab 2 at 1430 m (4690 ft), 120 m2, height ≈9 m, partly occupied by C14 experiment.
  • Numerous additional service, storage and maintenance halls exist along the access tunnel.

The ambient temperature within the mine depends on the depth but is otherwise constant. At the Lab 4 (660 m) level it is 15 °C (59 °F) and at Lab 2 (1430 m) level 28 °C (82 °F).[13]

Currently (2018) the mine harbors two scientific experiments: C14 liquid scintillator[9][10] and EMMA,[10][11][12] operated by CUPP, University of Oulu and University of Jyväskylä.

Past projects

The laboratory has hosted cosmic-ray experiments MUG (studying the depth dependency and time-dependence of the radiation) in 2001-2003 and MUD (studying the depth-dependency of the muon flux from cosmic radiation) in 2003-2005.

In 2017, plant growing experiments were conducted in Lab 4 by LUKE ([https://www.luke.fi/en/ the Natural Resources Institute Finland]).[13][14][15][16]

The site was previously the prime candidate for the LAGUNA project, which fell through due to funding issues.[17][18][19][20][21] LAGUNA is a proposed very large volume underground neutrino observatory, designed to study e.g., the excess of matter over antimatter in the universe. Pyhäsalmi mine would have been at the optimal distance from the CERN particle accelerators, which would have provided the neutrino beams for the experiment.[10][18]

Recently the mine has opened up for a variety of cultural activities. It has hosted the deepest concert in the world (by Agonizer at 1271 m ) as well as dance performances.[22][23][24] The 11 km long spiral-shaped main tunnel has also seen several uphill running and cycling competitions.[25][26][27]

Access

The "main level" of the mine is at 1400 meters depth, and is equipped with service and social facilities, e.g., a restaurant and the deepest sauna in the world.[12][28] Accessing the main level from the surface takes just 3 minutes using the elevator (average speed 8 m/s, maximum 12 m/s (39 ft/s, 43 km/h, or 27 mp/h)).[7] The same descent takes about 30 minutes by car or lorry, along the 11 km long decline access tunnel.[8]

The Pyhäsalmi Mine

The overall depth of the Pyhäsalmi mine is 1450 m (4760 ft), making it the deepest base metal mine in Europe.[29][30] Its main metals are copper and zinc.

The mine was opened in 1962 by Outokumpu, sold to Inmet mining in 2002, and obtained by First Quantum Minerals in 2013.[31][32] Mining activities are projected to end in 2019, but above-ground refinery will continue until 2025.[29][13][33]

The mine safety has improved significantly over the last decades, and the underground mine has become a test bed for new (often award-winning[34][35]) access control, monitoring and automation technology.[36][37][38] Underground accidents in Pyhäsalmi are very rare, and the last fatality occurred in 1995.[39] Several easily contained on-ground refinery fires have however occurred at the site during the 2000's.[40][41][42][43] In 2012, explosives contaminated with pyrite ore were sent from the Pyhäsalmi mine for destruction at the Forcit ammunition factory in Vihtavuori, where (after a year in storage) the container started to heat up and smoke.[44][45] The reason for this potentially dangerous situation was revealed to be careless handling and packaging at the mine. This prompted significant changes in the safety protocols, and since 2013 all hazardous waste is destroyed on-site in Pyhäsalmi.[46]

External links

  • Callio website
  • [https://calliolab.com/ CallioLab website]
  • [https://sketchfab.com/models/689513c4b34f4246ba0b84f5744153a5 3D video of the Callio facilities] at Sketchfab
  • BSUIN (Baltic Sea Underground Facilities and Innovation Network) website

References

1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://projects.interreg-baltic.eu/projects/bsuin-102.html|title=BSUIN|work=Interreg Baltic Sea Region – Project Library|access-date=2018-03-02|language=de}}
2. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://calliolab.com/underground-laboratories-platforms-innovation-new-businesses-international-research-group-meeting-pyhajarvi-finland/|title=Underground Laboratories|last=|first=|date=2017-09-26|work=Callio Lab|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/pohjois-suomi/pyhajarvi-paasi-mukaan-kaivosyhteistyohon-jossa-kehitetaan-maanalaisia-laboratorioita/771611/|title=Pyhäjärvi pääsi mukaan kaivosyhteistyöhön, jossa kehitetään maanalaisia laboratorioita|last=Rahko|first=Pekka|date=September 26, 2017|work=Kaleva.fi|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=fi}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kallio|title=kallio - Wiktionary|website=en.wiktionary.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-02}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/kallio|title=kallio - Kielitoimiston sanakirja|last=|first=|date=|website=www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi|access-date=2018-03-02}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://webxicon.org/search.php?id=91951|title=kallio from Finnish to all languages|last=|first=|date=|website=webxicon.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-02}}
7. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://calliolab.com/|title=Callio Lab|last=|first=|date=|website=Callio Lab|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-02}}
8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://callio.info/|title=Callio|last=|first=|date=|website=Pyhäjärven Callio|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-02}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://callio.info/callio-lab/c14-experiment/|title=C14 Experiment|last=|first=|date=|work=Pyhäjärven Callio|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}
10. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.nupecc.org/presentations/engvist_jun14.pdf|title=Astroparticle Physics in the Pyhäsalmi Mine|last=Enqvist|first=Timo|date=June 13, 2014|website=www.nupecc.org|access-date=2018-03-02}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://callio.info/callio-lab/emma-experiment/|title=EMMA experiment|last=|first=|date=|work=Pyhäjärven Callio|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}
12. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/1000-meters-below|title=1,000 meters below|last=Shivni|first=Rashmi|date=May 31, 2016|work=symmetry magazine|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}
13. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=http://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/201801302200704544_u0.shtml|title=Euroopan syvin kaivos lopettaa Pyhäsalmella|last=Jokinen|first=Juha Veli|date=January 29, 2018|work=Ilta-Sanomat|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=fi-FI}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/galleriat/pyhasalmen-kaivoksessa-kasvatetaan-nokkosta-ja-perunaa/10269/|title=Kuvagalleria: Pyhäsalmen kaivoksessa kasvatetaan nokkosta ja perunaa|last=Kontiainen|first=Jarmo|date=July 7, 2017|website=Kaleva.fi|language=fi|access-date=2018-03-02}}
15. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.pyhajarvensanomat.fi/sivut/timo-muutti-kaivokseen-kasvinviljely-alkoi-perunalla-ja-nokkosella|title=Timo muutti kaivokseen – kasvinviljely alkoi perunalla ja nokkosella|last=Niskanen|first=Mirka|date=July 7, 2017|work=Pyhäjärven Sanomat|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=fi}}
16. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9971777|title=Suomalaisen kaivoksen tunneleissa 660 metrin syvyydessä kasvaa perunaa – "Tämä mullistaa ruoantuotantoa maailmalla"|last=Juopperi|first=Hanna|date=December 15, 2017|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi|access-date=2018-03-02}}
17. ^{{Cite journal|last=Nuijten|first=Guido Alexander|date=2011|title=LAGUNA DESIGN STUDY, Underground infrastructures and engineering|url=http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/308/i=1/a=012029|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|language=en|volume=308|issue=1|pages=012029|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/308/1/012029|issn=1742-6596}}
18. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7435750|title=Lagunan hiukkastutkimuspilotti yhä lähempänä toteutumista|last=Veräjänkorva|first=Arto|date=August 27, 2014|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi|access-date=2018-03-02}}
19. ^{{Cite journal|last=Buizza Avanzini|first=Margherita|date=24 March 2015|title=The LAGUNA-LBNO Project|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875389214007305|journal=Physics Procedia|language=en|volume=61|pages=524–533|doi=10.1016/j.phpro.2014.12.117|issn=1875-3892|via=}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9413811|title=Toimittajalta: Tieteistarina Suomesta – Miksi miljardihanke luovutettiin Yhdysvaltoihin?|last=Ukkonen|first=Risto|date=July 7, 2017|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi|access-date=2018-03-02}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiedetuubi.fi/videot/laguna-valtava-havaintonaite-kallion-sisalle|title=LAGUNA, valtava havaintonaite kallion sisälle|last=Mäkinen|first=Jari|date=|website=www.tiedetuubi.fi|language=fi|access-date=2018-03-02}}
22. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/deepest-concert-underground|title=Deepest concert underground|last=|first=|date=August 4, 2007|work=Guinness World Records|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-GB}}
23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://kp24.fi/uutiset/310558/tanssi-tila-ja-luonto-yhdistyvat-laguna-lahempana-sydanta|title=Tanssi, tila ja luonto yhdistyvät: Laguna - Lähempänä sydäntä|last=|first=|date=July 24, 2012|work=KP24|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=fi-FI}}
24. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.liikekieli.com/archives/4647|title=Kuvia Petri Kekonin Lagunasta Täydenkuun tansseilta|last=Lamberg|first=Veera|date=August 7, 2012|work=Liikekieli.com|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=fi}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hikisetsiivut.blogspot.fi/2013/11/pyhajarven-alto-de-langliru.html|title=Pyhäjärven Alto de L'Angliru|last=Ovaska|first=Kimmo|date=November 3, 2013|website=hikisetsiivut.blogspot.fi|access-date=2018-03-02}}
26. ^Youtube video: {{Citation|last=Pohti SkiTeam|title=Pyhäjärvi Tour Trailer mp4|date=2016-08-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EpONbrTo77E|accessdate=2018-03-02}}
27. ^Youtube video: {{Citation|last=Wil ho|title=Kaivosajo 2 4 2016|date=2016-04-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXT_grEg8SA|accessdate=2018-03-02}}
28. ^{{Cite news|url=https://diepresse.com/home/leben/reise/5201433/FinnlandSauna_Hitze-Bier-und-Birkenzweige|title=Finnland-Sauna: Hitze, Bier und Birkenzweige|last=Knoller|first=Rasso|date=April 18, 2017|work=Die Presse|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=de}}
29. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.first-quantum.com/Our-Business/operating-mines/Pyhasalmi/default.aspx|title=Pyhäsalmi Copper mine|last=|first=|date=|website=www.first-quantum.com|language=en-CA|access-date=2018-03-02}}
30. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2012/05/02/new-life-for-old-metal-mines|title=New life for old metal mines|date=2012-05-02|work=euronews|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en}}
31. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/pohjois-suomi/pyhasalmen-kaivoksella-haikea-tunnelma/123595/|title=Pyhäsalmen kaivoksella haikea tunnelma|last=|first=|date=December 20, 2001|work=Kaleva.fi|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=fi}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6551819|title=Kanadalainen kuparijätti ostaa myös Suomessa toimivan kaivosyhtiön|last=Harala|first=Samuli|date=March 24, 2013|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi|access-date=2018-03-02}}
33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://m.kauppalehti.fi/uutiset/yara-ja-pyhasalmen-kaivos-pitkaaikaiseen-sopimukseen-pyriittitoimituksista/fziHDRG6|title=Yara ja Pyhäsalmen kaivos pitkäaikaiseen sopimukseen pyriittitoimituksista {{!}} Kauppalehti|last=Mähönen|first=Erno|date=August 9, 2016|website=Kauppalehti|language=fi-FI|access-date=2018-03-02}}
34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/tekniikka/metalli/2003-09-09/Malminrikastus-sai-automaatiopalkinnon-3267123.html|title=Malminrikastus sai automaatiopalkinnon|last=|first=|date=September 9, 2003|work=Tekniikka & Talous|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}
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36. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?12925|title=Pyhäsalmi Mine Will Expand RFID System to Boost Safety|last=Claire Swedberg and Mark Roberti|first=|date=April 8, 2015|website=www.rfidjournal.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-02}}
37. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/indoor-smartphone-compass-locater|title=Finnish startup can locate you indoors using magnetic field anomalies|last=Clark|first=Liat|date=April 8, 2015|work=Wired Magazine|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
38. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/tekniikka/ict/2015-06-01/Ericsson-kokeilee-5G-verkkoja-kaivoksessa---Malmirekka-et%C3%A4ohjaukseen-3321894.html|title=Ericsson kokeilee 5G-verkkoja kaivoksessa - Malmirekka etäohjaukseen|last=Ikkala|first=Tapio|date=June 1, 2015|work=Tekniikka & Talous|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}
39. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000003446972.html|title=Mies kuoli pudottuaan 60 metriä kaivoksessa Pyhäsalmella|last=Marttinen|first=Heikki|date=1995-07-03|work=Helsingin Sanomat|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=fi-FI}}
40. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000004090027.html|title=Palo Pyhäsalmen kaivoksella|date=2002-10-14|work=Helsingin Sanomat|access-date=2018-03-02|language=fi-FI}}
41. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/pohjois-suomi/kaivoksessa-tulipalo/83355/|title=Kaivoksessa tulipalo|last=|first=|date=May 18, 2006|work=Kaleva.fi|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=fi}}
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43. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/pyhasalmen-kaivoksen-tornissa-paloi-sammutustyot-70-metrin-korkeudessa/690837/|title=Pyhäsalmen kaivoksen tornissa paloi - sammutustyöt 70 metrin korkeudessa|last=|first=|date=March 1, 2015|work=Kaleva.fi|access-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=fi}}
44. ^{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6917325|title=Tukes: Varomattomuus aiheutti Vihtavuoren suuronnettomuusvaaran|last=Pajunen|first=Ilpo|date=November 5, 2013|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi|access-date=2018-03-02}}
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{{Underground laboratories}}

4 : Pyhäjärvi|Particle physics facilities|Underground laboratories|Laboratories in Finland
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