| 词条 | Calliopsis (bee) |
| 释义 |
| image = Calliopsis andreniformis, F, Side, MD, Carroll County 2013-07-24-15.03.08 ZS PMax.jpg | image_caption = Calliopsis andreniformis, female | taxon = Calliopsis | authority = Smith, 1853 | display_parents = 2 }}Calliopsis is a genus of panurgine bees in the family Andrenidae. There are over 80 described species[1] distributed throughout the western hemisphere.[2] DescriptionCalliopsis have yellow and black stripes, long legs and dark wings. Instead of having a long head like other bees, Calliopsis' s heads are quite broad. Male Calliopsis have broad yellow stripes on their head, while females have narrow yellow stripes. The bees also have very distinctive long narrow wings and extra hairy thoraxes. Calliopsis adreniformis bees have green eyes, and males of the species have bright yellow faces and legs.[3][4]BehaviorSince Calliopsis has many different species, a lot of bees behave differently in different region. For example, Calliopsis hondurasicus become active at the start of the dry season in mid- to late-December, and activity ends in late January or early February. Males patrol areas where females emerge and later nest, and they defend territories to which they return repeatedly. Male-male contests involve a rapid spiraling-upward flight, often followed by physical aggression after the pair tumbles to the ground. DietCalliopsis, like other bees, use their vision to locate food. They gather nectar and pollen from flowers. Most bees are vegetarian (but see vulture bee). MatingMale Calliopsis fly close to the ground and many of them copulate with a single female. Mating takes place on flowers and at nest sites.[5]Calliopsis also are uninvoltine, which means they only have one brood of offspring a year. Unlike the meiosis-based sex determination mechanisms of many animals, sex determination in Hymenoptera is clearly under control of the female through selective fertilization of eggs. NestingNearly all female Calliopsis are solitary nesters, but they dig nests within aggregations near other females.[6] Nests are built in the form of horizontal tunnels connected to waterproofed chambers containing eggs and provisions stored by the mother bee.[7] Each female of this genus digs a solitary underground nest, usually in compacted, dense soil and close to flowering plants that serve as food sources.[8] Calliopsis nesting aggregations can be as dense as 1,650 nests/m^2.[9] The nest tunnels measures 7.5 mm maximum diameter and 13 mm long. Calliopsis bees build their nest the way they do to mitigate competition between males. Their nest is built for waterproof hazards to keep the soil dry until the ground evaporates. Although reported in a few other bee groups, Callliopsis are unusual in including aquatic nesters: Calliopsis pugionsis emerged from nests that had been underwater for at least 3 months.[10] SpeciesThese 88 species belong to the genus Calliopsis.[11][12][13] {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Calliopsis|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634047|website=ITIS|accessdate=19 June 2017}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q14491786}}2. ^{{cite book|last1=Michener|first1=Charles D.|title=The bees of the world|date=2007|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0-8018-8573-0|page=306|edition=2nd}} 3. ^Shinn, Alvin F. A revision of the bee genus Calliopsis and the biology and ecology of C. andreniformis (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae). University of Kansas Publications, 1967. 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sharpeatmanguides.com/calliopsis-andreniformis|title=WILD BEES OF NEW YORK STATE - NATIVE BEES - Rockefeller Park Preserve|website=WILD BEES OF NEW YORK STATE - NATIVE BEES - Rockefeller Park Preserve|access-date=2017-06-28}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Visscher|first=P. K.|last2=Danforth|first2=B. N.|date=1993-11-01|title=Biology of Calliopsis pugionis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae): Nesting, Foraging, and Investment Sex Ratio|url=https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article-abstract/86/6/822/2759128/Biology-of-Calliopsis-pugionis-Hymenoptera|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|language=en|volume=86|issue=6|pages=822–832|doi=10.1093/aesa/86.6.822|issn=0013-8746}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wcislo|first=William T.|date=1999|title=Male Territoriality and Nesting Behavior of Calliopsis hondurasicus Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)|jstor=25085881|journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society|volume=72|issue=1|pages=91–98}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Danforth|first=Bryan N.|date=1990-09-01|title=Provisioning behavior and the estimation of investment ratios in a solitary bee, Calliopsis (Hypomacrotera) persimilis (Cockerell) (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=159–168|doi=10.1007/bf00180299|issn=0340-5443}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sharpeatmanguides.com/calliopsis-andreniformis|title=WILD BEES OF NEW YORK STATE - NATIVE BEES - Rockefeller Park Preserve|website=WILD BEES OF NEW YORK STATE - NATIVE BEES - Rockefeller Park Preserve|access-date=2017-06-28}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Visscher|first=P. K.|last2=Danforth|first2=B. N.|date=1993-11-01|title=Biology of Calliopsis pugionis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae): Nesting, Foraging, and Investment Sex Ratio|url=https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article-abstract/86/6/822/2759128/Biology-of-Calliopsis-pugionis-Hymenoptera|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|language=en|volume=86|issue=6|pages=822–832|doi=10.1093/aesa/86.6.822|issn=0013-8746}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Visscher|first=P. K.|last2=Vetter|first2=R. S.|last3=Orth|first3=R.|date=1994-11-01|title=Benthic Bees? Emergence Phenology of Calliopsis pugionis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) at a Seasonally Flooded Site|url=https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article-abstract/87/6/941/20194/Benthic-Bees-Emergence-Phenology-of-Calliopsis?redirectedFrom=PDF|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|language=en|volume=87|issue=6|pages=941–945|doi=10.1093/aesa/87.6.941|issn=0013-8746}} 11. ^{{Cite web| title=Calliopsis Overview| url=http://eol.org/pages/2748143/overview| website=Encyclopedia of Life| accessdate=2018-03-04}} 12. ^{{Cite web| title=Browse Calliopsis| url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/60e5f61e9e132c251e55de5ee3d33e02| website=Catalogue of Life| accessdate=2018-03-04}} 13. ^{{Cite web| title=Calliopsis Report| url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634047| website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System| accessdate=2018-03-04}} 2 : Andrenidae|Bee genera |
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