| 词条 | William Bradford (governor) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = William Bradford | image = File:Williambradford bw.jpg | caption = A conjectural image of Bradford, produced as a postcard in 1904 by A.S. Burbank of Plymouth.[1] | order = 2nd, 5th, 7th, 9th & 12th | office = Governor of Plymouth Colony | term_start = 1621 | term_end = 1657 | birth_date = ca. 19 March 1590 | birth_place = Austerfield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England | death_date = {{death date and age|1657|5|9|1590|3|19}} | death_place = Plymouth Colony | spouse = Dorothy May[2] Alice (Carpenter) Southworth[3] | relations = | children = 4 | residence = | alma_mater = | occupation = weaver, settler | profession = Colonial Governor, Judge | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = treasurer, chief magistrate | signature = William Bradford signature.svg | footnotes = }}William Bradford ({{circa}} 19 March 1590{{spaced ndash}}May 9, 1657) was an English Puritan separatist originally from the West Riding of Yorkshire in Northern England. He moved to Leiden in Holland in order to escape persecution from King James I of England, and then emigrated to the Plymouth Colony on the Mayflower in 1620. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and went on to serve as Governor of the Plymouth Colony intermittently for about 30 years between 1621 and 1657. His journal Of Plymouth Plantation covered the years from 1620 to 1657 in Plymouth.[4] Early lifeWilliam Bradford was born to Alice Briggs and William Bradford in Austerfield, West Riding of Yorkshire, and was baptized on March 19, 1589/90.[5] The family possessed a large farm and were considered wealthy and influential in a time when most of their countrymen were farmers of modest means.[6][7] Bradford's grandfather was William Bradforthe who had at least four children, including Bradford's father, and was probably of noble ancestry, according to researcher George J. Hill.[8] Bradford's childhood was marked by numerous deaths in the family. He was just over a year old when his father died. His mother remarried when he was four years old, and he was sent to live with his grandfather.[5] His grandfather died two years later, and he returned to live with his mother and stepfather. His mother died a year later,in 1597, and Bradford thus became an orphan at the age of seven and was sent to live with two uncles.[5] His uncles wanted him to help on the farm, and he later noted in his journal that he suffered at that time from a "long sickness" and was unable to work. He instead turned to reading and became familiar with the Bible and classic works of literature. This is seen by some as a key factor in his intellectual curiosity and his eventual attraction to the Separatist branch of Puritan theology.[9] Separatist congregationWhen Bradford was 12 years old, a friend invited him to hear the Rev. Richard Clyfton preach 10 miles away in All Saints' Church that is located in Babworth. Clyfton believed that the Church of England ought to eliminate all vestiges of Roman Catholic practices, and that this would result in a purer Christian church. Bradford was inspired by his preaching and continued to attend his sermons, even though he was forbidden by his uncles.[10] During one meeting, Bradford met William Brewster, a bailiff and postmaster[11] who lived at Scrooby manor, four miles from Austerfield. During frequent visits, Bradford borrowed books from him, and Brewster regaled him with stories of the efforts toward church reform taking place throughout England.[11] King James I came to the English throne in 1603, declaring that he would put an end to church reform movements and deal harshly with radical critics of the Church of England.[12] By 1607, secret meetings were being held at Scrooby Manor and about 50 reform-minded individuals began to worship together, led by Richard Clyfton and the Rev John Robinson. This group decided that reform of the Church of England was hopeless and they would sever all ties. Their weekly meetings eventually attracted the attention of the Archbishop of York, and many members of the congregation were arrested in 1607.[6] Brewster was found guilty of being "disobedient in matters of religion" and was fined. Some members were imprisoned and others were watched "night and day", according to Bradford, by those loyal to the archbishop.[6] Adding to their concerns, the Scrooby congregation learned that other dissenters in London had been imprisoned and left to starve.[13]The Scrooby congregation decided in 1607 to leave England unlawfully for the Dutch Republic where religious freedom was permitted, and Bradford determined to go with them. The group encountered several major setbacks when trying to leave England, most notably their betrayal by an English sea captain who had agreed to carry them to the Netherlands, but instead turned them over to the authorities.[14] Most of the congregation were imprisoned for a short time after this failed attempt, including Bradford.[15] By the summer of 1608, however, they managed to escape England in small groups and relocate to Leiden in the Dutch Republic. Bradford was 18. In Leiden and LondonBradford arrived in Amsterdam in August 1608. He had no family with him and was taken in by the Brewster household. The Scrooby congregation had to work the lowest of jobs and to live in poor conditions, being foreigners and having spent most of their money in attempts to get to the Dutch Republic. After nine months, the group chose to relocate to the smaller city of Leiden.[16] Bradford continued to reside with the Brewster family in a poor Leiden neighborhood known as Stink Alley.[17] Conditions changed dramatically for him when he turned 21 and was able to claim his family inheritance in 1611. He bought his own house, set up a workshop as a fustian weaver (weaver of heavy cotton cloth for men’s clothing), and earned a reputable standing.[18] In 1613, he married Dorothy May, the daughter of a well-off English couple living in Amsterdam. They were married in a civil service, as they could find no example of a religious service in the Scriptures.[19] In 1617, they had their first child, named John.[20] In 1619, William Bradford sold his house in Leiden and appears in March 1620 tax records in London being taxed for personal property at the Duke’s Place, Aldgate. Aldgate was an area of London known to be the residence of numerous Dutch merchants, as well as many religious dissenters. Some familiar Mayflower names of families living in the area included Allerton, Tilley, Sampson, and Hopkins. One family in Aldgate played an important part in Bradford's life in America. Edward and Alice (Carpenter) Southworth and their two sons were residing at Heneage House, the Duke’s Place, in Aldgate in 1620. Southworth was a highly respected leader of the Leiden group, but he died in 1621/22. His widow Alice emigrated to Plymouth Colony after Bradford's wife died, and they were married.[21] Founding Plymouth ColonyDeparture aboard the SpeedwellBy 1617, the Scrooby congregation began to plan the establishment of their own colony in the Americas.[22] The Separatists could practice religion as they pleased in the Dutch Republic, but they were troubled by the fact that their children were being influenced by Dutch customs and language, after nearly ten years in the Netherlands. Therefore, they commenced three years of difficult negotiations in England seeking permission to settle in the northern parts of the Colony of Virginia (which then extended north to the Hudson River).[23] The colonists also struggled to negotiate terms with a group of financial backers in London known as the Merchant Adventurers. By July 1620, Robert Cushman and John Carver had made the necessary arrangements, and approximately fifty Separatists departed Delftshaven on board the Speedwell.[24] It was an emotional departure. Many families were split, as some Separatists stayed behind in the Netherlands, planning to make the voyage to the New World after the colony had been established. William and Dorothy Bradford left their three-year-old son John with Dorothy's parents in Amsterdam, possibly because he was too frail to make the voyage.[24] According to the arrangements made by Carver and Cushman, the Speedwell was to meet with the Mayflower off the coast of England and both were destined for the northern part of the Colony of Virginia. The Speedwell, however, proved to be not structurally sound enough to make the voyage, and some of the passengers were transferred aboard the Mayflower, making crowded conditions. Joining the Scrooby congregation were about 50 colonists who had been recruited by the Merchant Adventurers for their vocational skills, which would prove useful in establishing a colony.[25] These passengers of the Mayflower, both Separatist and non-Separatist, are commonly referred to today as "Pilgrims." The term is derived from a passage in Bradford's journal, written years later, describing their departure from the Netherlands (itself an allusion to Hebrews 11:13 in the Bible): ...With mutual embraces and many tears, they took their leaves of one another, which proved to be the last leave to many of them...but they knew they were pilgrims and looked not much on those things, but lifted their eyes to heaven, their dearest country and quieted their spirits...[26] The Mayflower voyage{{Main|Mayflower}}The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620. The 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of 30 - 40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by westerly gales, causing the ship‘s timbers to be badly shaken, with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers lying wet and ill, even in their berths. There were two deaths on the trip, a crew member and a passenger. They spotted Cape Cod hook on November 9/19, 1620, after about a month of delays in England and two months at sea. They spent several days trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, but strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, now called Provincetown Harbor, where they anchored on November 11/21, 1620. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day, Bradford being one of the first to sign.[27][28] Anchored and first explorations at Plymouth ColonyBradford had yet to assume any significant leadership role in the colony by the time that he was 30. The Mayflower anchored in Provincetown Harbor and he volunteered to be a member of the exploration parties searching for a place for settlement.[29] In November and December, these parties made three separate ventures from the Mayflower on foot and by boat, finally locating Plymouth Harbor in mid-December and selecting that site for settlement. During the first expedition on foot, Bradford got caught in a deer trap made by Indians and hauled nearly upside down.[30] The third exploration departed from the Mayflower on December 6, 1620 when a group of men (including Bradford) located Plymouth Bay. A winter storm nearly sank their boat as they approached the bay, but they managed to land on Clark's Island, suffering from severe exposure to the cold and waves.[31] During the ensuing days, they explored the bay and found a suitable place for settlement, now the site of downtown Plymouth, Massachusetts. The location featured a prominent hill ideal for a defensive fort. There were numerous brooks providing fresh water, and it had been the location of an Indian village known as Patuxet; therefore, much of the area had already been cleared for planting crops. The Patuxet tribe had been wiped out by plagues between 1616 and 1619, possibly as a result of contact with English fishermen[32] or from contact with the French to the north.[33] Bradford wrote that bones of the dead were clearly evident in many places.[34] Loss of first wife{{see also|List of Mayflower passengers who died at sea November/December 1620}}When the exploring party made their way back on board, he learned of the death of his wife Dorothy. Dorothy (May) Bradford from Wisbech, Cambridgeshire fell overboard off the deck of the Mayflower during his absence and drowned. William Bradford recorded her death in his journal.[35] Great sicknessThe Mayflower arrived in Plymouth Bay on December 20, 1620. The settlers began building the colony's first house on December 25 (Christmas). Their efforts were slowed, however, when a widespread sickness struck the settlers. The sickness had begun on the ship.[36] On January 11, 1621, Bradford was helping to build houses when he was suddenly struck with great pain in his hipbone and collapsed. He was taken to the "common house" (the only finished house built then) and it was feared that he would not last the night.[37] Bradford recovered, but many of the other settlers were not so fortunate. During the months of February and March 1621, sometimes two or three people died a day. By the end of the winter, half of the 100 settlers had died.[38] In an attempt to hide their weakness from Native Americans who might be watching them, the settlers buried their dead in unmarked graves on Cole's Hill, often at night, and made efforts to conceal the burials.[39] During the epidemic, there were only a small number of men who remained healthy and bore the responsibility of caring for the sick. One of these was Captain Myles Standish, a soldier who had been hired by the settlers to coordinate the defense of the colony. Standish cared for Bradford during his illness and this was the beginning of a bond of friendship between the two men.[40] Bradford was elected governor soon after Carver's death and, in that capacity, he worked closely with Standish. Bradford had no military experience and therefore came to rely on and trust the advice of Captain Myles Standish concerning military matters.[47] Relationship with Massasoit
On March 16, the settlers had their first meeting with the American Indians in the region when Samoset walked into the village of Plymouth as a representative of Massasoit, the sachem of the Pokanokets. This soon led to a visit by Massasoit himself on March 22, during which he signed a treaty with John Carver, Governor of Plymouth, which declared an alliance between the Pokanokets and Plymouth, requiring them to aid one another militarily in times of need.[42] Bradford recorded the language of the brief treaty in his journal. He soon became governor and the clause of the treaty that occupied much of his attention as governor pertained to mutual aid. It read, "If any did unjustly war against [Massasoit], we would aid him; if any did war against us, Massasoit should aid us."[43] This agreement secured the colonists with a faithful ally in New England, though it resulted in tensions between the colonists and Massasoit's rivals, such as the Narragansetts and the Massachusetts.[44] Governor of PlymouthIn April 1621, Governor Carver collapsed while working in the fields on a hot day. He died a few days later. The settlers of Plymouth then chose Bradford as the new governor, a position which he retained off-and-on for the rest of his life.[45] The elected leadership of Plymouth Colony at first consisted of a governor and an assistant governor. The assistant governor for the first three years of the colony's history was Isaac Allerton. In 1624, the structure was changed to a governor and five assistants who were referred to as the "court of assistants," "magistrates," or the "governor's council." These men advised the governor and had the right to vote on important matters of governance, helping Bradford in guiding the growth of the colony and its improvised government.[46][47] Assistants during the early years of the colony included Thomas Prence, Stephen Hopkins, John Alden, and John Howland.[48] Literary worksWilliam Bradford's most well-known work by far is Of Plymouth Plantation. It is a detailed history in journal form about the founding of the Plymouth Colony and the lives of the colonists from 1621 to 1646,[49] a detailed account of his experiences and observations. The first part of the work was written in 1630; toward the end of his life, he updated it to provide "the account of the colony's struggles and achievements through the year 1646."[50] Bradford drew deep parallels between everyday life and the events of the Bible. As Philip Gould writes, "Bradford hoped to demonstrate the workings of divine providence for the edification of future generations."[50] In 1888, Charles F. Richardson referred to Bradford as a "forerunner of literature" and "a story-teller of considerable power." Moses Coit Tyler called him "the father of American history."[51] Many American authors have cited his work in their writings; for example, Cotton Mather referred to it in Magnalia Christi Americana and Thomas Prince referred to it in A Chronological History of New-England in the Form of Annals. Even today it is considered a valuable piece of American literature, included in anthologies and studied in literature and history classes. It has been called an American classic and the preeminent work of art in seventeenth-century New England."[51] The Of Plymouth Plantation manuscript disappeared by 1780,[52] "presumably stolen by a British soldier during the British occupation of Boston";[50] it reappeared in Fulham, London, in the bishop of London's library at Lambeth Palace.[50] A long debate ensued as to the rightful home for the manuscript. United States Senator George Frisbie Hoar and others made multiple attempts to have it returned, and the British finally relinquished it back to Massachusetts on May 26, 1897.[53] Bradford's journal also contributed to the book Mourt's Relation, which was written in part by Edward Winslow and published in England in 1622. It was intended to inform Europeans about the conditions surrounding the American colonists at the Plymouth Colony. Bradford's Dialogues are a collection of fictional conversations between the old and new generations, between "younge men" and "Ancient men".[54] FamilyWilliam Bradford married:
Child of William and Dorothy Bradford:
Children of William and Alice Bradford:
William married: 1. Alice Richard after April 23, 1650 and had ten children. She died in Plymouth on December 12, 1671. 2. Sarah (____) Griswold about 1674 and had one son. 3. Mary (Atwood) Holmes about 1676 and had four children.
Will, death, and burialWilliam Bradford died on May 9, 1657 and was buried on Burial Hill in Plymouth where a cenotaph exists in memory of his life.[59] The estate inventory for William Bradford was taken on May 22, 1657.[58] See also
Notes1. ^Addison, 101. 2. ^p. 209 The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620–1633 3. ^pg. 208 The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620–1633 4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=u7c-AAAAYAAJ&ots=H3o5FFvV-K&dq=love%20fast%20and%20thanksgiving%20days&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q=july%20thanksgiving&f=false The fast and thanksgiving days of New England] by William Deloss Love, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., Cambridge, 1895. 5. ^1 2 Schmidt, 6. 6. ^1 2 Schmidt, 17. 7. ^Schmidt, 4. 8. ^Mayflower Quarterly, v. 79, No. 4, pp. 328–41 9. ^Schmidt, 7. 10. ^Schmidt, 8 11. ^1 Schmidt, 9. 12. ^Schmidt, 12. 13. ^Goodwin, 12. 14. ^Schmidt, 21. 15. ^Goodwin, 27. 16. ^Schmidt, 33 17. ^Schmidt, 35. 18. ^Philbrick, 17. 19. ^Schmidt, 37 20. ^Goodwin, 38. 21. ^Mayflower Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 4 December 2013, p. 333 22. ^Schmidt, 40. 23. ^Philbrick, 19 24. ^1 Philbrick, 23. 25. ^Philbrick, 25. 26. ^Bradford quoted in Schmidt, 51. 27. ^Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 666), p. 413 28. ^George Ernest Bowman, The Mayflower Compact and its signers, (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920). Photocopies of the 1622, 1646, and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7–19. 29. ^Schmidt, 80. 30. ^Schmidt, 69. 31. ^Philbrick, 70–73. 32. ^Philbrick, 79. 33. ^Mark Laskey, “The Great Dying: New England’s Coastal Plague, 1616-1619,” Cult Nation (July 15, 2014), accessed October 26, 2018, https://www.cvltnation.com/the-great-dying-new-englands-coastal-plague-1616-1619/. 34. ^Philbrick, 80. 35. ^Doherty, 73. 36. ^Goodwin, 114. 37. ^Philbrick, 85. 38. ^Schmidt, 88. 39. ^Philbrick, 90. 40. ^Haxtun, 17 41. ^{{cite web|title=Governors of Plymouth Colony |publisher=Pilgrim Hall Museum |year=1998 |url=http://www.pilgrimhall.org/governors.htm |accessdate=2007-04-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215045321/http://www.pilgrimhall.org/governors.htm |archivedate=February 15, 2007 }} 42. ^Philbrick, 99. 43. ^Goodwin, 125. 44. ^1 Philbrick, 114. 45. ^Schmidt, 97. 46. ^Goodwin, 159. 47. ^Stratton, 145. 48. ^Stratton, 151, 156, 281, 311 49. ^Wenska, 152 50. ^1 2 3 Gould, 349 51. ^1 Wenska, 151. 52. ^{{cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|title=Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647|year=1952|publisher=Knopf|isbn=978-0394438955|page=xxx}} 53. ^{{Cite journal| last = Dedmond| first = Francis B| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = A Forgotten Attempt to Rescue the Bradford Manuscript| journal = The New England Quarterly| volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 242–52| publisher = Colonial Society of Massachusetts and Northeastern University| location = Boston| year = 1985| issn = 0028-4866 | doi=10.2307/365515}} 54. ^Sargent, 413. 55. ^Mayflower Quarterly, v. 79, no. 4, pp. 328, 334 56. ^Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620, the Fortune in 1621, and the Anne and the Little James in 1623 (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) p. 117 57. ^Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 258 58. ^1 2 A genealogical profile of William Bradford, (A collaboration between Plymouth Plantation and New England Historical Genealogical Society) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102201352/http://www.plimoth.org/media/pdf/bradford_william.pdf |date=November 2, 2011 }} 59. ^{{Findagrave|124|William Bradford}} References
Further reading
External links{{Commonscat|William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)}}{{wikiquote|William Bradford (1590–1657)}}{{EB1911 poster|Bradford, William (governor)|William Bradford (governor)}}
17 : 1590 births|1657 deaths|16th-century English writers|16th-century male writers|17th-century English writers|17th-century American writers|17th-century male writers|English separatists|People from the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster|Mayflower passengers|People from Plymouth, Massachusetts|American diarists|Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies|Colonial governors of Massachusetts|People of the Tudor period|Pequot War|Burials at Burial Hill (Plymouth) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。