词条 | William Brewster (Mayflower passenger) |
释义 |
|name = William Brewster |image = William Brewster cropped.png |caption = Published in The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims: And its place in the life of to-day, 1911 |birth_date = circa 1566 |birth_place = Scrooby, Nottinghamshire |death_date = April 18, 1644 (aged 77-78) |death_place = Duxbury, Plymouth Colony |nationality = English subject |other_names = |occupation = Postmaster and English teacher of Scrooby, preacher of Plymouth |known_for = Pilgrim |children = {{hlist|Jonathan Brewster|Patience Brewster Prence|Fear Brewster Allerton|Love Brewster|Wrestling Brewster}} |parents = William Brewster |spouse = Mary Brewster }} William Brewster (1566 – 10 April 1644) was an English official and Mayflower passenger in 1620. In Plymouth Colony, by virtue of his education and existing stature with those immigrating from the Netherlands, Brewster, a separatist, became senior elder and the leader of the community. Life in EnglandWilliam Brewster was born in 1568,[1] most probably in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England. He was the son of William Brewster and he had a number of half-siblings. His paternal grandparents were William Brewster (1510–1558), and Maud Mann (1513–1558) from Scotland.[2][3] He studied briefly at Peterhouse, Cambridge, before entering the service of William Davison in 1584.[4] Brewster was the only Pilgrim with political and diplomatic experience. With his mentor in prison, Brewster had returned home to Scrooby for a time, where he took up his father's former position as postmaster.[5] Cambridge was a centre of thought concerning religious reformism, but Brewster had spent time in the Netherlands in connection with Davison's work, giving him opportunity to hear and see more of reformed religion. While, in the 1550s, reformers had hoped to amend the Anglican church, by 1600, many were looking toward splitting from it.[5] (See Brownist.) Restrictions and pressures applied by the authorities convinced the congregation of a need to immigrate to the more sympathetic atmosphere of Holland, but leaving England without permission was illegal at the time, so that departure was a complex matter. On its first attempt, in 1607, the group was arrested at Scotia Creek, but in 1608, Brewster and others were successful in leaving from The Humber. In 1609, he was selected as ruling elder of the congregation.[5] Life in HollandIn Leiden, the group managed to make a living. Brewster taught English and later, in 1616–1619, as the partner of one Thomas Brewer, printed and published religious books for sale in England, though they were proscribed there. In 1619 Brewster and Edward Winslow published a religious tract critical of the English king and his bishops. James ordered Brewster's arrest, and when the king's agents in Holland came to seize the Pilgrim elder, Brewster was forced into hiding just as preparations to depart for America entered the most critical phase. The printing type was seized by the authorities from the English ambassador, Sir Dudley Carleton, and Brewster's partner was arrested. Brewster escaped and, with the help of Robert Cushman and Sir Edwin Sandys, obtained a land patent from the London Virginia Company on behalf of himself and his colleagues.[7] With Brewster in hiding, the Separatists looked to their deacon John Carver and to Robert Cushman to carry on negotiations with the appropriate officials in London.[8] In 1620 when it came time for the Mayflower departure, Elder Brewster returned to the Leiden congregation. He had been hiding out in Holland and perhaps even England for the last year. At the time of his return, Brewster was the highest-ranking layperson of the congregation and would be their designated spiritual leader in the New World.[9] Brewster joined the first group of Separatists aboard the Mayflower on the voyage to North America. Brewster was accompanied by his wife, Mary Brewster, and his sons: Love Brewster and Wrestling Brewster.[10] Mayflower voyageAmong the people boarding the Mayflower were four unaccompanied children from Shipton, Shropshire. They were placed as indentured servants with senior Separatists William Brewster, John Carver and Robert Cushman, on behalf of Samuel More, husband of the children's mother, Katherine More. The children were placed without their mother's permission after four rancorous years between the Mores over charges of adultery against Katherine and her longtime lover, the children's alleged father. Two children were placed with William and Mary Brewster.[11] The Mayflower departed Plymouth in England in September 1620. The 100-foot vessel carried 102 passengers and a crew of 30 to 40 in extremely cramped conditions. During the voyage, the ship was buffeted by strong westerly gales. The caulking of its planks was failing to keep out sea water, and the passengers' berths were not always dry. On the journey there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger. After being blown off course by gales, the Mayflower made a landing at Cape Cod. Finding the area near Provincetown occupied by indigenous people, the ship's company decided to continue exploring along the nearby coast. The group arrived in the area near present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts on December 21, 1620. In the space of several months almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh New England winter.[12] In Plymouth ColonyWhen the passengers of the Mayflower landed at Plymouth Colony, Brewster became the senior elder, and so served as the religious leader of the colony;{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} in the colony, he became a separatist leader and preacher,[13] and eventually,{{when|date=November 2015}} as an adviser to Governor William Bradford.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Brewster's son Jonathan joined the family in November 1621, arriving at Plymouth on the ship Fortune, and daughters Patience and Fear arrived in July 1623 aboard the Anne.[14] As the only university educated member of the colony, Brewster took the part of the colony's religious leader until a pastor, Ralph Smith, arrived in 1629. Thereafter, he continued to preach irregularly until his death in April 1644. "He was tenderhearted and compassionate of such as were in misery," Bradford wrote, "but especially of such as had been of good estate and rank and fallen unto want and poverty."[7] Brewster was granted land amongst the islands of Boston Harbor, and four of the outer islands (Great Brewster, Little Brewster, Middle Brewster and Outer Brewster) now bear his name. In 1632, Brewster received lands in nearby Duxbury and removed from Plymouth to create a farm there.[15] In 1634, smallpox and influenza ravaged both the English and the Indians in the region. William Brewster, whose family had managed to survive the first terrible winter unscathed, lost two daughters, Fear and Patience, now married to Isaac Allerton and Thomas Prence, respectively.[16] Family and other chargesMarriageIn 1591 or 1592, William Brewster married a woman named Mary,[3][17] whose surname is unknown; no formal record of their marriage appears in the preserved marriage records of Nottinghamshire Archives.[18] The search for further information on Mary—about whom many theories, e.g., about surname, have been offered{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}—as well as on the marriage, has been extensive, e.g., by Jeremy Bangs, Director of the American Pilgrim Museum in Leiden, Holland.[18] ChildrenTheir first child, Jonathan, was born on 12 August 1593.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Two other children were born in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire: Patience about 1600, and Fear about 1606. A more comprehensive list of their children is as follows:{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
Other chargesThree of the Mayflower pilgrims, including William Brewster, took responsibility for children of Samuel More, who accompanied him and others as indentured servants:
In addition to these, Jasper More, age 7, was assigned to John Carver as a servant, but died of a "common infection" in Dec. 1620 while the Mayflower was in Cape Cod Harbor (several weeks after Elinor). He was buried ashore in the area of what is now Provincetown, where a memorial plaque bears his and the names of four others "who died at sea while the ship lay at Cape Cod Harbor" in Nov./Dec. 1620. Finally, Elinor More, age 8, was assigned to Edward Winslow as a servant, but died in November 1620 soon after the arrival of the Mayflower at Cape Cod Harbor. Her burial place is unknown, but may have been ashore on Cape Cod similar to her brother Jasper. With many others who died that winter, her name appears on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, Cole's Hill, Plymouth, Massachusetts.[19][20][21][22][23]{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}[24] DeathWilliam Brewster died on 18 April 1644,[1] at Duxbury, Plymouth Colony.[25] He was predeceased by his wife, Mary Brewster, who died in April 1627, age about sixty.[3][26]{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} Brewster's body was buried at Burial Hill in Plymouth. A memorial stone exists there for him, which states that it is in honour of "Elder William Brewster, Patriarch of the Pilgrims and their Ruling Elder 1609–1644".[27] The burial place of his wife Mary is unknown. Places and things named after Brewster
Notable descendants{{refimprove section|date=November 2015}}{{chart top|text-align=left|Descendants of William Brewster}}Elder Brewster's descendants number in the tens of thousands today. Notable among them are:
References1. ^1 Stratton, Eugene Aubrey (1986). Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, p. 251, Salt Lake City, UT, US: Ancestry Publishing. 2. ^1 Merrick, Barbara Lambert [Ed., Comp.] (2000). William Brewster of the Mayflower and His Descendants for Four Generations, 3rd Rev. Edn., pp. 1–5, 30-35, Plymouth, MA, US: General Society of Mayflower Descendants. 3. ^1 2 3 4 A genealogical profile of William Brewster (a collaboration between Plymouth Plantation and New England Historic Genealogical Society) 4. ^{{acad|id=BRWR580W|name=Brewster, William}} 5. ^Philbrick, pp. 13 and 16–17. 6. ^{{cite book| author = Wallace Nutting| title = Furniture of the Pilgrim century: 1620–1720, including colonial utensils and hardware| url = https://books.google.com/?id=K3MvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA182| year = 1921| publisher = Marshall Jones Company| page = 182 }} 7. ^1 2 3 Philbrick, pp. 16-18. 8. ^Philbrick, p. 19. 9. ^Philbrick, p. 25. 10. ^David Lindsay, Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) p. 31 11. ^Donald F. Harris, PhD., the Mayflower Descendant (July 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 pp. 112–114. 12. ^Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 413 13. ^Philbrick, p. 46. 14. ^Philbrick, p. 125. 15. ^Steele, Ashbel (1857). Chief of the Pilgrims: Or, The Life and Time of William Brewster, Ruling Elder of the Pilgrim Company That Founded New Plymouth, the Parent Colony of New England, in 1620, p. 353, Philadelphia, PA, US: J.B. Lippincott. 16. ^Philbrick, p. 172. 17. ^Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620, the Fortune in 1621, and the Anne and the Little James in 1623 (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) pp. 36, 37 18. ^1 Bangs, Jeremy Dupertius (2012). The Mayflower Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 2 (June), p. 145. 19. ^David Lindsay, Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger Amongst the Pilgrims (New York: St. Martins Press, 2002), pp 102–104 and pp. 25–27, 102–104, 150–152 20. ^Harris, Donald F. (1994). "The More Children of the Mayflower, Part III," The Mayflower Descendant, Vol. 44, no. 2 (July), p. 4. 21. ^Philbrick, p. 26, 76. 22. ^Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and Their New World, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010) pp. 253–254 23. ^Caleb H. Johnson, The Mayflower and Her Passengers (Indiana: Xlibris Corp., copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson), pp. 189–192 24. ^Mayflower Families Volume 15 Family of Richard More (Published by General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1997), p. 151, Plymouth, MA, US: General Society of Mayflower Descendants. 25. ^Bradford, William. Of Plymouth Colony: 1608-1650. 26. ^Caleb H. Johnson, The Mayflower and Her Passengers (Indiana: Xlibris Corp., copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson), pp. 94 & 98 27. ^[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/16195888 Memorial for William Brewster at findagrave] 28. ^Jones, 38 29. ^{{cite web | last = Cottrell | first = Robert C. | title = Roger Baldwin: Founder, American Civil Liberties Union, 1884–1981 | location = | publisher = Harvard Square Library | year = 2010 | pages = 1–12 | isbn = 9780231119726 | url = http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/baldwin.html | accessdate = 18 July 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100727201014/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/baldwin.html | archivedate = 27 July 2010 | df = dmy-all }} 30. ^1 2 3 4 5 Roberts, Gary Boyd (1983). Genealogies of Connecticut Families: From the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, p. 649, 668, Baltimore, MD, US: Genealogical Publishing, {{ISBN|9780806310305}}. 31. ^Roberts, Gary Boyd (1983). Genealogies of Connecticut Families: From the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, p. 649, 668, Baltimore, MD, US: Genealogical Publishing, {{ISBN|9780806310305}}. 32. ^1 2 Jones, 766 33. ^1 2 Jones, 767 34. ^1 2 Jones, 768 35. ^{{cite web | last = Johnson | first = Caleb | title = Famous Descendants of Mayflower Passengers – Mayflower Ancestry of Lindy Boggs | year = 2007 | url = http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Genealogy/famousdescendants.php | accessdate = 10 March 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091216114501/http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Genealogy/famousdescendants.php | archivedate = 16 December 2009 | df = dmy-all }} 36. ^Wright, R.W. (1878). Biographical Record: Yale University, Class of 1842, New Haven, CT, US: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor. 37. ^Jones, 781f 38. ^Jones, 351 39. ^Jones, 352 40. ^Jones, 353 41. ^1 Jones, 625 42. ^1 Jones, 626 43. ^Jones, 1064 44. ^Jones, 627 45. ^Jones, 1065 46. ^1 2 Jones, 120 47. ^1 2 Jones, 521 48. ^1 2 Jones, 235 49. ^Jones, p. 189 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/celebrities/profile/index.jsp?uuid=c430386c-db11-4c40-9954-d88b33b7d220|title=Jordana Brewster profile|accessdate=26 April 2007|publisher=E! Online|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210031759/http://www.eonline.com/celebrities/profile/index.jsp?uuid=c430386c-db11-4c40-9954-d88b33b7d220|archivedate=10 February 2007|df=dmy-all}} 51. ^Kabaservice, 16 52. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/09/obituaries/kingman-brewster-jr-69-ex-yale-president-and-us-envoy-dies.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Obituary: "Kingman Brewster, Jr."] New York Times. 9 November 1988. 53. ^Jones, 143 54. ^Jones, 144 55. ^Jones, 280 56. ^Fitch, Noel Riley (1999). Appetite for Life: The Biography of Julia Child, p. 10, New York, NY, US: Doubleday. 57. ^1 {{cite book| author = Giddins, Gary | title = Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams, The Early Years 1903–1940| page = 24 | date = 2002| location = | publisher = Back Bay Books | isbn = 9780316886451 }} 58. ^Edith L. Blumhofer, Her Heart Can See: The life and Hymns of Fanny J. Crosby (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2005):11. 59. ^{{cite web | last = Reitwiesner | first = William Addams | title = Ancestry of Ted Danson | year = 2007 | url = http://www.wargs.com/other/danson.html | authorlink = William Addams Reitwiesner }} 60. ^1 {{cite web | last = Reitwiesner | first = William Addams | title = Ancestry of George W. Bush | year = 2007 | url = http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html | accessdate =10 March 2010 }} 61. ^1 2 3 4 Jones, p. 16 62. ^{{cite web | last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| year = n.d. | title=The New England Ancestry of Actor Richard (Tiffany) Gere| publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society| url=http://www.notablekin.org/gbr/gere.htm| accessdate =10 March 2010 }} 63. ^Gipson, Lawrence Henry (1969). "An Appreciation," in Gaetano L. Vincitorio et al. (eds.), Crisis in the "Great republic": Essays Presented to Ross J.S. Hoffman, p. xiv, LOCATION: Fordham University Press. 64. ^Jones, 784 65. ^{{cite web | last = Fleury | first = Melanie | title = Ashley Judd's Ancestors are Found on 'Who Do You Think You Are?' | year = 2011 | url = http://entertainment.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474979203540 | accessdate = 10 April 2011 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/65pGF33uM?url=http://entertainment.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474979203540 | archivedate = 1 March 2012 | deadurl = yes | df = dmy-all }}{{better source|date=November 2015}} 66. ^Newport Historical Society (1913). Items of interest concerning Oliver Hazard Perry in Newport, and Newport in the War of 1812, p. 24, Newport, RI, US: Newport Historical Society. 67. ^1 2 Jones, 21 68. ^1 2 Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1898). American ancestry: Giving the name and descent, in the male line, of Americans whose ancestors settled in the United States previous to the Declaration of independence, A.D. 1776, Vol. 11, p. 150, Albany, NY, US: J. Munsell's Sons.{{full citation needed|date=November 2015}} 69. ^Jones, 274 70. ^Jones, 620 71. ^Jones, 621 72. ^Anon. (1998). The Mayflower Quarterly, Vol. 64, Plymouth, MA, US: General Society of Mayflower Descendants.{{full citation needed|date=November 2015}} 73. ^Jones, 32 74. ^{{cite web | last = Child | first = Christopher Challender | title = Ancestry of Seth MacFarlane | year = 2007 | url = http://www.wargs.com/other/macfarlane.html | accessdate =10 March 2010 }}{{full citation needed|date=November 2015}} 75. ^http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/R076/highlights 76. ^Jones, 16 77. ^Jones, 19 78. ^Jones, 20 79. ^{{cite web | last = Battle | first = Robert | title = Ancestry of Sarah Palin | year = 2008 | url = http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/palin.htm | accessdate =10 March 2010 }}{{better source|date=November 2015}} 80. ^Jones, 15 81. ^{{cite web | last = Roberts | first = Gary Boyd | title = The Ancestry of Novelist Thomas Pynchon | year = 2000 | url = http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_gbr48.asp | accessdate = 13 April 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622051503/http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_gbr48.asp | archivedate = 22 June 2010 | df = dmy-all }} 82. ^{{cite web | last = Johnson | first = Caleb | title = Famous Descendants of Mayflower Passengers – Mayflower Ancestry of Cokie Roberts | year = 2007 | url = http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Genealogy/famousdescendants.php | accessdate = 10 March 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091216114501/http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Genealogy/famousdescendants.php | archivedate = 16 December 2009 | df = dmy-all }} 83. ^1 Jones, 900 84. ^1 Jones, 901 85. ^Jones, 984 86. ^{{cite journal | last=Rader | first=Dotson | title=Let Yourself Feel It All | journal = Lakeland Ledger (23 November ) | date=1997 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WZssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zPwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3132,6843315&dq=the-lave-he-badness&hl=en|accessdate=26 July 2010}}{{better source|date=November 2015}} 87. ^{{cite book| author = Yarbrough, Tinsley E. | title = David Hackett Souter:Traditional Republican on the Rehnquist Court | url = https://books.google.com/?id=vDy6oEs81w4C&pg=PA3 | date = 2005| location = Oxford, Oxon, ENG | publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 9780195159332 | page = 3 }} 88. ^Jones, 341 89. ^{{cite web | last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| year = n.d. | title=The New England Ancestry of Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.| publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society| url=http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_gbr42.asp| accessdate =10 March 2010 }} 90. ^1 Jones, 251 91. ^1 Jones, 252 92. ^1 Jones, 253 93. ^{{cite web | last = Johnson | first = Caleb | title = Famous Descendants of Mayflower Passengers – Mayflower Ancestry of Zachary Taylor | year = 2007 | url = http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Genealogy/famousdescendants.php | accessdate = 10 March 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091216114501/http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Genealogy/famousdescendants.php | archivedate = 16 December 2009 | df = dmy-all }} 94. ^Mayflower Descendents Book 1900 pages 297 74, 398 76 95. ^{{cite web | last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd | year = n.d. | title=The New England Ancestry of Sewall Green Wright.| publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society| url=http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_Ancestor_Tables_NEXUS_No3_June1986.asp | accessdate =10 March 2010 }} Sources
Further reading
External links
16 : 1560s births|1644 deaths|People from Scrooby|Mayflower passengers|American Congregationalists|Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge|16th-century English people|17th-century English people|English separatists|American theologians|People from Plymouth, Massachusetts|People from Duxbury, Massachusetts|People from Doncaster|People of the Tudor period|Zachary Taylor family|Burials at Burial Hill (Plymouth) |
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