| 词条 | William Clayton (Mormon) |
| 释义 |
| name = William Clayton | PD_image = William Clayton.jpg | image_size = 200px | birth_date = {{birth date|1814|07|17}} | birth_place = Penwortham, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom | death_date = {{Death date and age|1879|12|04|1814|07|17}} | death_place = Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, United States | resting_place = Salt Lake City Cemetery | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|40|46|37.92|N|111|51|28.8|W|type:landmark|display=inline}} | known_for = An early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement, clerk and scribe to Joseph Smith, and credited with inventing a version of the modern odometer | spouse = 10 | children = 42 | parents = Thomas Clayton and Ann Critchley | position_or_quorum1 = Member and Clerk of the Council of Fifty[1] | called_by1 = Joseph Smith | start_date1 = {{start date|1844|03|11|mf=yes}} | end_date1 = {{end date|1879|12|04|mf=yes}} | end_reason1 = | list_notes = Credited with inventing a version of the modern odometer. | poly_date = April 27, 1843 | poly_wives = 10 | poly_notes = Smith dictated the 1843 revelation on polygamy to Clayton. (See Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy) }} William H. Clayton (July 17, 1814 – December 4, 1879) was an early leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints who was a clerk and scribe to the religious leader Joseph Smith. Clayton, born in England, was also an American pioneer journalist, inventor, lyricist, and musician. Clayton was born in Penwortham, Lancashire, England, the son of Thomas Clayton and Ann Critchley. He was the eldest of 14 children. He married Ruth Moon on October 9, 1836. Early church serviceIn 1837, Clayton investigated the Church of the Latter Day Saints. Taught by church apostles Heber C. Kimball and Orson Hyde, Clayton was baptized October 21, 1837; ordained a priest in December; and a high priest on April 1, 1838.[2] Clayton's parents and siblings also joined the church. Clayton quit his job as a factory clerk to devote his time to missionary service in England, where he founded a branch of the church in Manchester. In 1838, he served as second counselor to the British mission president Joseph Fielding, with Willard Richards as first counselor. In September 1840, Clayton led a group of British converts who emigrated to the United States. He and his family first tried to farm in Iowa Territory, then settled in the predominantly Latter Day Saint community of Nauvoo, Illinois. There he was a clerk and scribe to Joseph Smith. In an 1840 letter, Clayton wrote to church members in Manchester about interacting with Smith: We have had the privilege of conversing with Joseph Smith Jr. and we are delighted with his company. We have had a privilege of ascertaining in a great measure from whence all the evil reports have arisen and hitherto have every reason to believe him innocent. He is not an idiot, but a man of sound judgment, and possessed of abundance of intelligence and whilst you listen to his conversation you receive intelligence which expands your mind and causes your heart to rejoice. He is very familiar, and delights to instruct the poor saints. I can converse with him just as easy as I can with you, and with regard to being willing to communicate instruction he says, "I receive it freely and I will give it freely." He is willing to answer any question I have put to him and is pleased when we ask him questions. Clayton was responsible for maintaining church records in Nauvoo, including those considered private and sacred. Other positions in the church and community included:
Plural marriageIn 1843, Smith dictated a revelation on plural marriage to Clayton. As the practice of polygamy was initially secret, Clayton spent time dealing with rumors and innuendo about the practice both in the church and surrounding community.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} he accepted plural marriage as a religious principle, and ultimately married nine wives and fathered 42 children. Three of his wives later left him. Journal and personal recordsClayton's impressions of day-to-day activities, recorded in a series of personal journals, describe the social activities of mid-19th century America and the evolution of Mormon religious culture. After Smith's death, Clayton helped complete Smith's official church history, using his personal journals as a major source. Clayton's personal records were at times incorporated into official Mormon scripture and history without recognition of their source.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} His notes were one of four sources used to reconstruct a sermon by Smith known as the "King Follett Discourse". Published sections of Clayton's journals also provide a detailed description of the Nauvoo Temple and an account of the Latter Day Saints' efforts to complete temple endowments for all interested members before being forced to leave Illinois. Migration to the west{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2018}}Early in February 1846, Clayton left Nauvoo with the first Latter Day Saint group in their exodus to the West. He spent the winter of 1846–47 at Winter Quarters, Nebraska. The following year, he was a member of the vanguard company that crossed the plains to select a western site for Mormon colonization. He was a recording scribe for Brigham Young, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, during the journey. The group traveled along the Platte River into present day Wyoming territory and crossed the continental divide, ultimately reaching the Great Salt Lake Valley in modern Utah. Clayton's pioneer journal, later published, is the most well-known account of the expedition. He noted that land in the Salt Lake valley would be easy to clear as it had limited timber, and expressed concern over the apparent scarcity of rainfall. Clayton later prepared and published The Latter-day Saints' Emigrants' Guide, a meticulous description of the route from Winter Quarters to Salt Lake City, with suggestions for camping places. Using his odometer, the guide had the most accurate distances of the day. It was a valuable guide for Mormon migrants, but was also used by pioneers bound for the Oregon and California territories. "Come, Come, Ye Saints" and other hymns{{listen| filename = | title = "Come, Come Ye Saints" | description = Text written by William Clayton in 1846. Performed by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir and Orchestra at Temple Square in 2008. | format = Ogg }} In April 1846, while camped near Locust Creek on the plains of Iowa, Clayton wrote the words to the popular Mormon hymn, now known as "Come, Come, Ye Saints", which is sung to the music of a traditional English song, "All is Well". The hymn was in response to good news from Mormons still living in Nauvoo. One of his plural wives, Diantha, had given birth to a healthy baby boy, William Adriel Benoni Clayton. In his journal, he stated that he "composed a new song—'All is well.' I feel to thank my heavenly father for my boy and pray that he will spare and preserve his life and that of his mother and so order it so that we may soon meet again." To modern Latter-day Saints, this hymn signifies the difficulties and faith involved in the Mormon migration to the west.[3] Some of Clayton's other poems have also been put to music, including "When First the Glorious Light of Truth", also used as a hymn by the LDS Church. The RoadometerClayton is credited with inventing a version of the modern odometer, during this trip across the plains from Nauvoo, Illinois to Utah, with the help of apostle and mathematician Orson Pratt. Clayton was assigned to record the number of miles the company traveled each day. This was accomplished by tying a red flag onto one of the wagon wheels, and counting the revolutions. After three weeks, Clayton tired of personally counting the revolutions of a wagon wheel and computing the day's distance by multiplying the count by the wheel's circumference. After consulting with Pratt, he developed a design consisting of a set of wooden cog wheels attached to the hub of a wagon wheel, with the mechanism "counting" or recording by position the revolutions of the wheel. The apparatus was built by the company's carpenter Appleton Milo Harmon. Clayton's journal records: "About noon today Brother Appleton Harmon completed the machinery on the wagon called a 'roadometer' by adding a wheel to revolve once in ten miles, showing each mile and also each quarter mile we travel, and then casing the whole over so as to secure it from the weather." The "roadometer" was first used on the morning of May 12, 1847. Life in UtahOnce settled in Utah, Clayton continued to maintain church records and also participated in public and private business activities. He became an auditor for Utah Territory, as well as recorder of marks and brands, holding both positions until his death. Clayton also worked as treasurer of the Deseret Telegraph Company and as secretary of Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution (ZCMI), a church based cooperative business enterprise. Private ventures included collecting debts, filing land claims, acting as a legal advocate, lending money, merchandising, farming, and mining speculation. Clayton was active in cultural activities in the Salt Lake Valley, particularly those associated with music. He died in Salt Lake City on December 4, 1879. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. See also
Notes1. ^{{Cite journal | last = Quinn | first = D. Michael | authorlink = D. Michael Quinn | title = The Council of Fifty and Its Members, 1844 to 1945 | journal = BYU Studies | pages = 22–26 | format = .pdf | publisher = Brigham Young University | location = Provo, UT | date = 1980 | url = http://byustudies.byu.edu/articleDownload.aspx?title=5416&linkURL=20.2Quinn.pdf | accessdate = October 4, 2011}} 2. ^Biography of William Clayton, The Joseph Smith Papers. Accessed December 21, 2011. 3. ^Cracroft, in Walker and Dant, pp. 143-145 References{{refbegin}}
| last = Jenson | first = Andrew | authorlink = Andrew Jenson | title = CLAYTON, William | encyclopedia = Latter-Day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia | volume = 1 | pages = 717–8 | publisher = Andrew Jenson History Company | date = 1901 | location = Salt Lake City, Utah | url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,2806 }}
External links
| last = Clayton | first = William | publication-date = 1848 | title = The Latter-Day Saints' Emigrants' Guide | publication-place = St. Louis | publisher = Chambers & Knapp | url = https://archive.org/details/latterdaysaintse00clay | postscript = }}{{LDScouncil50}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Clayton, William}} 27 : 1814 births|1879 deaths|19th-century English writers|19th-century Mormon missionaries|American diarists|American Latter Day Saint hymnwriters|19th-century American inventors|Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery|Converts to Mormonism|English emigrants to the United States|English hymnwriters|English leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|English Mormon missionaries|Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement|English Latter Day Saint hymnwriters|English Latter Day Saint writers|Leaders in the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Members of the Council of Fifty|Mission presidents (LDS Church)|Mormon missionaries in the United Kingdom|Mormon pioneers|People from Penwortham|Nauvoo, Illinois city council members|19th-century American musicians|19th-century English musicians|Latter Day Saints from Illinois|Latter Day Saints from Utah |
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