| 词条 | William E. Fairbairn |
| 释义 |
|name=William E. Fairbairn |image= |image_size=156px |caption= |birth_date=28 February 1885 |death_date=20 June 1960 (aged 75) |birth_place=Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, England, UK |death_place= England, UK |occupation= Royal Marines, Shanghai Municipal Police, Combatives Instructor }} William Ewart Fairbairn ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɛər|b|ɛər|n}}; 28 February 1885 – 20 June 1960) was a British Royal Marine and police officer. He developed hand-to-hand combat methods for the Shanghai Police during the interwar period, as well as for the allied special forces during World War II. He created his own fighting system known as Defendu. Notably, this included innovative pistol shooting techniques and the development of the Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife. The television series Secrets of War suggested him as a possible inspiration for Q branch in James Bond.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} Military careerFairbairn served with the Royal Marine Light Infantry starting in 1901, and joined the Shanghai Municipal Police (SMP) in 1907. He served in one of the red light districts. During his service with the International Police in Shanghai, Fairbairn reportedly engaged in hundreds of street fights in the course of his duties over a twenty-year career, where he organised and headed a special anti-riot squad. Much of his body, arms, legs, torso, even the palms of his hands, were covered with scars from knife wounds from those fights.[1]{{rp|p:191}} Fairbairn later created, organised, and trained a special anti-riot squad for the Shanghai police force. He also developed numerous firearms training courses and police equipment, including a special metal-lined bulletproof vest designed to stop high-velocity bullets from the 7.63x25mm Mauser pistol.[1]{{rp|p:191}} During World War II, he was recruited by the British Secret Service as an Army officer, where he was given the nickname "Dangerous Dan". Together with fellow close-combat instructor Eric Sykes, Fairbairn was commissioned on the General List in 1941. Fairbairn and Sykes were both commissioned as second lieutenants on 15 July 1940.[2] He trained British, American and Canadian Commando and No. 2 Dutch Troop 10th Inter-Allied Commando forces, along with Ranger candidates in close-combat, pistol-shooting and knife-fighting techniques. Fairbairn emphasised the necessity of forgetting any idea of gentlemanly conduct or fighting fair: "Get tough, get down in the gutter, win at all costs... I teach what is called 'Gutter Fighting.' There's no fair play, no rules except one: kill or be killed," he declared.[1]{{rp|p:192}} One of his pupils was Raymond Westerling, who fought behind enemy lines in Burma and Indonesia. For his achievements in training OSS personnel, Fairbairn eventually rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel by the end of the war, and received the U.S. Legion of Merit (Officer grade) at the specific request of OSS-founder "Wild Bill" Donovan. Martial artsAfter joining the SMP, he studied boxing, wrestling, savate, Shin no Shinto ryu jujutsu (Yoshin ryu) from Okada-sensei{{who|date=May 2017}}, Kodokan judo in which he gained 2nd degrees black belt, and then Chinese martial arts{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}. He developed his own fighting system—Defendu—and taught it to members of that police force in order to reduce officer fatalities. He described this system as primarily based on his personal experience, which according to police records included some 600 non-training fights, by his retirement at age 55 from the position of Assistant Commissioner in 1940.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} In 1951, he went to Cyprus to train police and in 1952 (and 1956) Fairbairn provided training to the Singapore Police Force's Riot Squad unit, which is now Police Tactical Unit.[3] Weapons innovationsTogether with Eric A. Sykes, Fairbairn developed innovative pistol shooting techniques and handgun specifications for the SMP which were later disseminated through their book Shooting to Live With the One-Hand Gun (1942), along with various other police innovations such as riot batons, armoured vests, and other equipment. He is perhaps best known for designing the famous Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife, or 'Commando' knife, a stilletto-style fighting dagger used by British Special Forces in the Second World War, and featured in his textbook Scientific Self-Defence.[1]{{rp|p:191}} Fairbairn also designed the lesser known Smatchet, and collaborated on the design of several other combat knife designs. Publications
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Chambers|first=John W.|title=OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II|year=2008|publisher=U.S. National Park Service|location=Washington, D.C.}} 2. ^{{London Gazette|issue=35040|supp=y|page=237|date=10 January 1941}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Matthews|first1=Phil|title=W.E. Fairbairn: The Legendary Instructor|url=http://www.cqbservices.com/?page_id=59|website=CQB Services|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303050010/http://www.cqbservices.com/?page_id=59|archivedate=3 March 2012 }} Sources
External links
9 : 1885 births|1960 deaths|British colonial police officers|British Army General List officers|Royal Marines ranks|English male judoka|British Army personnel of World War II|Officers of the Legion of Merit|Martial arts school founders |
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