“Cannabis in Albania”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Drug trafficking first became a major concern in Albania in the 1990s; in that same period cannabis cultivation which had initially been concentrated in the south became more widespread. Albanian cannabis production is sufficient to meet local demand and also export to other areas, though the country continues to import some hashish through Turkey.^[1]

In the mid-2000s, 77% of the cannabis in Italy originated in Albania.^[2] A 2009 report, however, noticed a reduction in the significance of Albanian cannabis exports, and that seizures of Albanian herbal cannabis had "become very rare in the last five years."^[3]

More recently, although still undoubtedly a net exporter, Albanians have begun importing herbal cannabis as well, with an apparent preference for the hashish varieties of the Maghreb. Total production, meanwhile, in Albania, was estimated by Italian financial police to be around 900 tonnes, worth about 4.5 billion euros.^[4]

Enforcement

In 2012, Albania seized 21.2 metric tons of cannabis, nearly twice the amount seized in 2011.^[5]

Albania made global headlines and "placed itself on the cannabis map" in 2013 when the Albanian State Police (ASP) tried to shut down production in Lazarat, one of the heaviest producing towns in the mountainous southern regions that are said to be the "heartland" of Albanian cannabis production. Lazarat's villages, 90% of whom are thought to be involved in the cannabis trade in some way, mounted an armed resistance against the ASP with even a "70-year old grandmother" involved in the fighting. ^[4]

History

It was right after the fall of its communist state that the current large production of cannabis began in Albania. In 1991, criminal groups from Greece began to establish cannabis plantations in southern areas near the Greek border, and the local Albanian farmers embraced an opportunity for some level of financial stability in the turbulent economic situation. In the early days of cannabis production in Albania, trafficking was done by Greek youths who carried bags of cannabis over the mountains across the border, in which Albanian law enforcement found it difficult to control the trade. The new industry took hold quickly despite attempts to curtail it, and it has been reported that in 1995 gunfights between farmers and police were common. Later on, the trade became linked to the Italian mafia, and cannabis was carried to Italy on speedboats going over the Ionian Sea. ^[4]

Due to its aspirations to join the European Union, Albania is under pressure to present a decisive national anti-drug strategy, and in recent years has escalated police crackdown against the cannabis trade, with mixed results, and coordinating efforts with other national governments such as the Italian government. ^[4]

References

1. ^{{cite book|author1=Cyrille Fijnaut|author2=Letizia Paoli|title=Organised Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XtKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA553|date=21 January 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-2765-9|pages=553–}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=2006 World Drug Report: Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk8wDdoxTZsC&pg=PA2095|date=1 January 2006|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=978-92-1-148214-0|pages=2095–}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=World Drug Report 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2iL-nJlVmgC&pg=PA96|date=30 June 2009|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=978-92-1-148240-9|pages=96–}}
4. ^¹²³{{cite news|url=https://sensiseeds.com/en/blog/cannabis-in-albania/|title="Cannabis in Albania"|date=29 October 2013|accessdate= 25 June 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web|author=Besar Likmeta |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/report-cannabis-growth-mounts-in-albania |title=Report Says Albania Cannabis Growth Mounting |publisher=Balkan Insight |date= |accessdate=2016-11-28}}

Trafficking

Enforcement

History

References