| 词条 | William Gibbs McAdoo |
| 释义 |
|name = William McAdoo |image = William Gibbs McAdoo, formal photo portrait, 1914.jpg |jr/sr = United States Senator |state = California |term_start = March 4, 1933 |term_end = November 8, 1938 |predecessor = Samuel M. Shortridge |successor = Thomas M. Storke |office1 = 46th United States Secretary of the Treasury |president1 = Woodrow Wilson |term_start1 = March 6, 1913 |term_end1 = December 15, 1918 |predecessor1 = Franklin MacVeagh |successor1 = Carter Glass |birth_name = William Gibbs McAdoo Jr. |birth_date = {{birth date|1863|10|31|mf=y}} |birth_place = Marietta, Georgia, C.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1941|2|1|1863|10|31}} |death_place = Washington, D.C., U.S. |restingplace = Arlington National Cemetery |party = Democratic |spouse = {{marriage|Sarah Hazelhurst Fleming|1885|1912}} {{marriage|Eleanor Randolph Wilson|1914|1935}} {{marriage|Doris Cross|1935|1941}} |children = 9 |education = University of Tennessee, Knoxville {{small|(BA)}} }} William Gibbs McAdoo Jr.[1] {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|k|ə|ˌ|d|uː}} (October 31, 1863 – February 1, 1941) was an American lawyer and statesman. McAdoo was a leader of the Progressive movement and played a major role in the administration of President Woodrow Wilson. A member of the Democratic Party, he also represented California in the United States Senate. Born in Marietta, Georgia, McAdoo moved to Knoxville, Tennessee in his youth and graduated from the University of Tennessee. He established a legal practice in Chattanooga, Tennessee before moving to New York City in 1892. He gained notoriety as the president of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company and served as the vice chairman of the Democratic National Committee. McAdoo worked on Wilson's successful 1912 presidential campaign and served as the United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1913 to 1918. He married Wilson's daughter, Eleanor, in 1914. McAdoo presided over the establishment of the Federal Reserve System and helped prevent an economic crisis after the outbreak of World War I. After the U.S. entered the war, McAdoo also served as the Director General of Railroads. McAdoo left Wilson's Cabinet in 1919, co-founding the law firm of McAdoo, Cotton & Franklin. McAdoo sought the Democratic presidential nomination at the 1920 Democratic National Convention but was blocked by his father-in-law Woodrow Wilson. In 1922, McAdoo left his law firm and moved to California. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination again in 1924, but the 1924 Democratic National Convention nominated John W. Davis. He was elected to the Senate in 1932 but was defeated in his bid for a second term. McAdoo died of a heart attack in 1941 while traveling to the third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. BiographyEarly life and careerMcAdoo was born during the middle of the Civil War in the historic William Gibbs McAdoo House, in Marietta, Georgia. He was the son of author Mary Faith Floyd (1832–1913) and attorney William Gibbs McAdoo, Sr. (1820–1894). His uncle, John David McAdoo, was a Confederate general and a justice of the Texas Supreme Court.[2] McAdoo attended rural schools until his family moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1877, when his father became a professor at the University of Tennessee. He graduated from the University of Tennessee and was a member of the Lambda Chapter of Kappa Sigma Fraternity. He was appointed deputy clerk of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee in 1882. He married his first wife, Sarah Hazelhurst Fleming, on November 18, 1885. They had seven children: Harriet Floyd McAdoo, Francis Huger McAdoo, Julia Hazelhurst McAdoo, Nona Hazelhurst McAdoo, William Gibbs MacAdoo III,[1] Robert Hazelhurst McAdoo, and Sarah Fleming McAdoo. He was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1885 and set up a practice in Chattanooga, Tennessee. In the early 1890s, he lost most of his money trying to electrify the Knoxville Street Railroad system.[3][4] In 1892 he moved to New York City, where he met Francis R. Pemberton, son of the Confederate General John C. Pemberton. They formed a firm, Pemberton and McAdoo, to sell investment securities. In 1895, McAdoo returned to Knoxville and regained control of part of his bankrupt streetcar company, which had been auctioned off. In subsequent months, he engaged in a struggle with Ohio businessman C. C. Howell over control of the city's streetcar system, culminating in a bizarre incident known as the Battle of Depot Street.[4] Litigation in the aftermath of this incident favored Howell, and McAdoo abandoned his streetcar endeavors in 1897 and returned to New York.[4] Around 1900, McAdoo took on the leadership of a project to build a railway tunnel under the Hudson River to connect Manhattan with New Jersey. A tunnel had been partially constructed during the 1880s by Dewitt Clinton Haskin. With McAdoo as president of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company, two passenger tubes were completed and opened in 1908. The popular McAdoo told the press that his motto was "Let the Public be Pleased." The tunnels are now operated as part of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) system. His first wife died in February 1912. That year, he served as vice chairman of the Democratic National Committee. Secretary of the Treasury{{Main|Presidency of Woodrow Wilson}}Woodrow Wilson lured McAdoo away from business after their meeting in 1910 and he worked for the Wilson presidential campaign in 1912. Once he was President, Wilson appointed McAdoo secretary of the Treasury, a post McAdoo held from 1913 to 1918.[5][6][7]He married the president's daughter Eleanor Randolph Wilson at the White House on May 7, 1914.[8] They had two daughters, Ellen Wilson McAdoo (1915–1946) and Mary Faith McAdoo (1920–1988). Ellen married twice and had two children.[9] Mary married three times, but had no children. McAdoo's second marriage ended in divorce in July 1935, and he married a third time at nearly 72, to 26 year old nurse Doris Isabel Cross (1909-2005), in September 1935. McAdoo offered to resign after his wedding, but President Wilson urged him to complete his work of turning the Federal Reserve System into an operational central bank. The legislation establishing the System had been passed by Congress in December 1913. As head of the Department of the Treasury, McAdoo confronted a major financial crisis on the eve and at the outbreak of World War I, July – August 1914.[10] During the last week of July, 1914, British and French investors began to liquidate their American securities holdings into U.S. currency. Many of these foreign investors then converted their dollars into gold, as was common practice in international monetary transactions at the time, in order to repatriate their holdings back to Europe. If they had done this, they would have depleted the gold backing for the dollar, possibly inducing a depression in American financial markets and in the American economy as a whole. They might then have been able to buy American goods and raw materials (for their war effort) at greatly depressed prices, which the Americans would have had to accept in order to restart the economy from a consciously (albeit inadvertently) caused depression. McAdoo's actions at the time were both bold and outrageous. The United States in 1914 was still a net debtor nation (i.e., Americans' aggregate debt to foreigners was greater than foreigners' aggregate debt to Americans). The nations of Europe and their financial institutions held far more in debt of the United States; of many of the states of the Union; and of American private institutions of all kinds, than investors in the United States held in the debt of Europe's nations and institutions in all forms, both public and private. McAdoo kept the U.S. currency on the gold standard. He arranged the closing of the New York Stock Exchange for an unprecedented four months in 1914 to prevent Europeans from selling American securities and exchanging the proceeds for dollars, and then gold. Economist William L. Silber wrote that the wisdom and historical impact of this action cannot be overemphasized.[10] McAdoo's bold stroke, Silber writes, as a first consequence averted an immediate panic and collapse of the American financial and stock markets. But also, it laid the groundwork for a historic and decisive shift in the global balance of economic power, from Europe to the United States; a shift which occurred exactly at that time. More than this, McAdoo's actions both saved the American economy and its future allies from economic defeat in the early stages of the war. Investors in the warring countries had no access to their holdings of U.S. financial assets at the outset of the war because of McAdoo's actions. As a result, the treasuries of those countries more quickly exhausted all of their net foreign exchange holdings (those that were on hand and in their possession before McAdoo closed the markets), currency, and gold reserves. Some of them then issued sovereign bonded indebtedness (IOUs) to pay for the war materials they were buying on the American and other markets. Silber wrote that the intact and undamaged American financial system and its markets managed the flow and operation of this financing more easily than they would have without McAdoo's measures, and that U.S. industry swiftly built up to the scale needed to meet the allied war needs. The managed liquidation of foreign holdings of U.S. assets moved the United States to a net creditor position internationally and with Europe from the net debtor position it had held prior to 1915. In order to prevent a replay of the bank suspensions that plagued America during the Panic of 1907, McAdoo invoked the emergency-currency provisions of the 1908 Aldrich Vreeland Act. William Silber credits his actions for having turned America into a world financial power, in his book When Washington Shut Down Wall Street.[10] McAdoo told the reporter Oswald Garrison Villard that racial segregation was needed in the Treasury to prevent friction.[11] He also was responsible for implementing Jim Crow laws, even in the north were they had previously not existed.[12] Later political careerAfter the United States entered World War I in April 1917, the United States Railroad Administration was formed to run America's transportation system during the war. McAdoo was appointed Director General of Railroads, a position he held until the armistice in November 1918. In March 1919, after leaving the Wilson cabinet, McAdoo co-founded the law firm McAdoo, Cotton & Franklin, now known as white shoe firm Cahill Gordon & Reindel. His law firm served as general counsel for the founders of United Artists, with McAdoo taking a 20 percent stake in the common shares of the joint venture, while founders Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith each held a 25 percent stake in the preferred shares and a 20 percent stake of the common shares. He left the firm in 1922 and moved to California to concentrate on his political career. McAdoo ran twice for the Democratic nomination for president, losing to James M. Cox in 1920,[13] and to John W. Davis in 1924,[14] even though in both years he led on the first ballot.[15][16][17] While campaigning in the run-up to the 1920 presidential election, McAdoo voiced his support for such measures as injury compensation, unemployment insurance, and the eight-hour workday, while also expressing his support for the idea of permanent federal legislation in the labor sphere, especially concerning unemployment compensation and a minimum wage.[18] A committed Prohibition supporter, McAdoo's first presidential bid was scuttled by the New York state delegation and other Northern opponents of the banning of alcohol at the 1920 Democratic National Convention.[19] After defeating his chief rival for the nomination, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, McAdoo finally lost the party nomination to dark horse candidate Governor James M. Cox of Ohio when the delegates decided in his favor on the 44th ballot.[20] McAdoo was again a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1924. Widely regarded as the front-runner in 1923, McAdoo's candidacy was badly hurt by the revelation that he had previously accepted a $25,000 contribution from Edward L. Doheny, an oil tycoon implicated in 1922 in the Teapot Dome scandal.[21] McAdoo had returned the normal-course contribution once he learned of Doheny's possible bribes to Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall to get oil leases.[22] At the 1924 Democratic National Convention, McAdoo received the votes of the Ku Klux Klan, he did not repudiate the KKK and this set the Catholic vote against him.[23] Despite the Doheny and KKK issues, McAdoo led after the first ballot of the convention, and on dozens of ballots thereafter, before John W. Davis won the Democratic presidential nomination on the 103rd ballot. He served as Senator for California from 1933 until 1938, having lost his bid for renomination in 1938 to Sheridan H. Downey. McAdoo filed for divorce from his wife in 1934.[24] Two months after their separation was finalized in July 1935, the 71-year-old McAdoo married Doris Isabel Cross, a 26-year-old nurse.[25][26] Death and legacyMcAdoo died on February 1, 1941, of a heart attack while traveling in Washington, D.C., after the third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt,[27] and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.[28] McAdoo was played by Vincent Price in the 1944 biopic Wilson. He is a significant character in the Glen David Gold novel Sunnyside, encouraging Charlie Chaplin to help with efforts to raise funds for World War I before advising him on the formation of United Artists.[29] McAdoo's former home in Chattanooga's Fort Wood neighborhood has been restored and is now a private residence. The town of McAdoo in Dickens County, Texas, is named for him.[30] McAdoo's Seafood Company, a restaurant in New Braunfels, Texas, also bears his name. McAdoo is quoted as having said, "It is impossible to defeat an ignorant man in an argument."[31] And in reference to Warren Harding, McAdoo said his public utterances were "an army of pompous phrases moving over the landscape in search of an idea."[32] Selected works
See also
Footnotes1. ^1 McAdoo is variously differentiated from family members of the same name*Dr. William Gibbs McAdoo (1820–1894) – sometimes called "I" or "Senior"*William Gibbs McAdoo (1863–1941) – sometimes called "II" or "Junior"*Lt. William Gibbs McAdoo Jr. (1895–1960) – sometimes called "III" 2. ^"Mcadoo, John David". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) 3. ^Imjort, et al. (August 22, 1938). "California's McAdoo". Time 4. ^1 2 Lucile Deaderick (ed.), Heart of the Valley: A History of Knoxville, Tennessee (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976), pp. 216–228. 5. ^Shook, Dale N. William G. McAdoo and the Development of National Economic Policy, 1913–1918. New York: Garland Publishing, 1987. 6. ^{{cite news |date=February 26, 1913 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02E2D61E3AE633A25755C2A9649C946296D6CF |title=Four Men Certain in Wilson Cabinet; Bryan, McAdoo, Burleson, and Daniels Accept — Walker for Attorney General |newspaper=The New York Times |page=1}}{{subscription required}} 7. ^{{cite news |date=March 6, 1913 |title=Cabinet Members Sworn.; McReynolds, Houston, and McAdoo Take Oath of Office. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=2 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/07/100390587.pdf}} 8. ^{{cite news |date=May 8, 1914 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/05/08/100313712.pdf |title=Eleanor Wilson Weds W.G. M'Adoo; President's Youngest Daughter and Secretary of Treasury Married at White House |newspaper=The New York Times |page=1}} 9. ^{{cite news |date=December 23, 1946 |title=M'adoo's Daughter Found in Coma, Dies |newspaper=The New York Times |page=11 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE3DE163DEE3BBC4B51DFB467838D659EDE}}{{subscription required}} 10. ^1 2 Silber, William L., When Washington Shut Down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America's Monetary Supremacy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-691-12747-7}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Eric S. Yellin|title=Racism in the Nation's Service: Government Workers and the Color Line in Woodrow Wilson's America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fixBOW3902UC&pg=PA162|date=22 April 2013|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-1-4696-0721-4|pages=162–}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Jerrold M. Packard|title=American Nightmare: The History of Jim Crow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVqFp3g_TYQC&pg=PA124|date=21 July 2003|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4299-7919-1|pages=124–}} 13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Bagby | first1 = Wesley M | year = 1959 | title = William Gibbs McAdoo and the 1920 Democratic Presidential Nomination | url = | journal = East Tennessee Historical Society's Publications | volume = 31 | issue = | pages = 43–58 }} 14. ^Allen, Lee N. "The McAdoo Campaign for the Presidential Nomination in 1924". Journal of Southern History 29 (May 1963): 211–28. 15. ^Gelbart, Herbert A. "The Anti-McAdoo Movement of 1924". Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1978. 16. ^Stratton, David H. "Splattered with Oil: William G. McAdoo and the 1924 Democratic Presidential Nomination". Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 44 (June 1963): 62–75. 17. ^Prude, James C. "William Gibbs McAdoo and the Democratic National Convention of 1924". Journal of Southern History 38 (November 1972): 621–28. 18. ^{{cite book |title=William Gibbs McAdoo: The Last Progressive, (1863–1941) |publisher=ProQuest |year=2008 |page=189 |isbn=9780549982326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zP2mV_e-MgC&pg=PA189&dq=william+mcAdoo+federal+minimum+wage&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NatTVeCsAe607QbhxYCIAw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=william%20mcAdoo%20federal%20minimum%20wage&f=false}} 19. ^Niall Palmer, The Twenties in America: Politics and History. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2006; p. 23. 20. ^Palmer, The Twenties in America, p. 24. 21. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bates|first1=J. Leonard|title=The Teapot Dome Scandal and the Election of 1924|journal=The American Historical Review|date=January 1955|volume=60|issue=2|pages=303–322|doi=10.2307/1843188|jstor=1843188}} 22. ^ {{dead link|date=April 2013}} 23. ^{{cite journal|last1=Prude|first1=James C.|title=William Gibbs McAdoo and the Democratic National Convention of 1924|journal=The Journal of Southern History|volume=38|issue=4|year=1972|pages=621|issn=00224642|doi=10.2307/2206152}} 24. ^{{cite news |date=July 18, 1934 |title=Eleanor Wilson McAdoo Divorces Senator At Five-Minute Hearing on Incompatibility |newspaper=The New York Times |page=1 |agency=Associated Press |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE4DB153FE53ABC4052DFB166838F629EDE}}{{subscription required}} 25. ^{{cite news |date=September 15, 1935 |title=M'adoo Weds Nurse in Colonial Style; Senator, 71, and Bride, 26, Take Vows in Flower-Decked Home of Son-in-Law |newspaper=The New York Times |page=3 |agency=Associated Press |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E2D8163EE53ABC4D52DFBF66838E629EDE}}{{subscription required}} 26. ^Staff report (September 23, 1935). "No. 3 for McAdoo". Time 27. ^{{cite news |date=February 2, 1941 |title="William G. M'Adoo Dies in the Capital of a Heart Attack; Former Senator, Secretary of Treasury Under Wilson, Was Railways Director in War; Builder of Hudson Tubes; He Swung 1932 Nomination to Roosevelt — Backed for the Presidency in '20 and '24 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=1 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9903EEDB163BE33BBC4A53DFB466838A659EDE}}{{subscription required}} 28. ^Staff report (February 10, 1941). Footnote to History. Times 29. ^Gold, Glen David. 2009. Sunnyside. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|978-0-307-27068-9}} 30. ^"McAdoo, TX" The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). 31. ^{{cite book |last=Northrup |first=Cynthia Clark |date=2011 |title=The American Economy: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2Xg9jZcFhMC&pg=PA280 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC CLIO |page=280 |isbn=978-1-59884-462-7}} 32. ^Jack Lynch, "Guide to Grammar and Style". Retrieved: 5 June 2011. Further reading
External links{{wikisource author}}{{Commons category}}{{CongBio|M000293}}
|-{{s-ach}}{{s-bef|before=Anthony Fokker}}{{s-ttl|title=Cover of Time|years=7 January 1924}}{{s-aft|after=William Lawrence}} |-{{s-ppo}}{{s-bef|before=John Elliott}}{{s-ttl|title=Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from California (Class 3)|years=1932}}{{s-aft|after=Sheridan Downey}} |-{{s-par|us-sen}}{{s-bef|before=Samuel M. Shortridge}}{{s-ttl|title=U.S. Senator (Class 3) from California|years=1933–1938|alongside=Hiram Johnson}}{{s-aft|after=Thomas M. Storke}}{{s-end}}{{USSecTreas}}{{USSenCA}}{{Wilson cabinet}}{{Woodrow Wilson}}{{United States presidential election, 1920}}{{United States presidential election, 1924}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:McAdoo, William G.}} 21 : 1863 births|1941 deaths|American Episcopalians|American railroad executives of the 20th century|People from Marietta, Georgia|Politicians from Chattanooga, Tennessee|1920 United States presidential candidates|1924 United States presidential candidates|20th-century American politicians|United States Railroad Administration|United States Secretaries of the Treasury|United States Senators from California|University of Tennessee alumni|Democratic Party United States Senators|California Democrats|Burials at Arlington National Cemetery|Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members|Progressive Era in the United States|People associated with Cahill Gordon & Reindel|Ku Klux Klan|American temperance activists |
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