“Cappadocian calendar”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Cappadocian calendar was a solar calendar derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar.^[1] It is named after the historic region of Cappadocia, where it was used (present-day Turkey). The calendar's history dates back to the period when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC). It had twelve months and 360 days, followed by 5 epagomenal days.^[2] The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar, thus being effectively an imitation; this can be seen in the names and order of the months as well as in its structure.^[3] It is an attestment to the long-lasting Iranian cultural and religious influences on Cappadocia.^[4] All names of the months of the calendar, ultimately of Avestan origin, were transmitted through Greek characters.^[5] Extant evidence of the calendar dates back to Late Antiquity through the accounts of Greek astronomers, when the calendar had already been adapted to the Julian calendar.

Context

The Cappadocian calendar evidently started at a time when Cappadocia was a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Empire.^[6] However, there is no consensus about its precise starting date. According to Josef Marquart (1905), the Cappadocian calendar commenced in 490 BC, whereas Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin (1950) believed that it begun between 490 and 480 BC.^[7]

As the Persians were the dominant political group in Cappadocia at the time, the calendar became rooted as the region's main calender, and thus survived as such in the Kingdom of Cappadocia.^[8] The passage of time and local dialectial differences resulted in minor differences in spelling, but overal, the names of the months of the Cappadocian calendar are almost identical to the names in the Zoroastrian (Avestan) calendar.^[9] The Persians in Cappadocia spoke western Iranian; therefore, the names of the months of the Cappadocian calendar are in some aspects linguistically closer to Middle Persian (Pahlavi) spelling rather than the Avestan spelling.^[10] However, at the same time, the Cappadocian forms are more archaic, and thus closer, in this regard, to the Avestan forms.^[11]

According to Mary Boyce (2009), the Cappadocian calendar, together with the Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, Khwarazmian, Bactrian, and Old Armenian calendars, were all derived from the Achaemenian state calendar which had been introduced in the early Achaemenid period by the Persians in order to establish the "accepted means of time-reckoning for all their Zoroastrian subjects".^[12] The would have naturally allowed the differences in language to come into play, which resulted in different local versions.^[13] Other than that, these calendars had reportedly almost "everything" in common.^[14] The calendar survived through the texts of Greek astronomers, and was still known as late as the 4th century AD.^[15]

Names of the months

Based on Panaino (1990, pp. 658-677, Table 25) and Boyce & Grenet (1991, pp. 279-280):^[16]

According to Boyce & Grenet, the "exactness in the main of the correspondences between the calendars" shows that the usages adopted by the Zoroastrians in Cappadocia were "largely uniform".^[17] They add that the only divergences lay in the substitution of Teiri (Teirei) for Avestan Tištrya, a change reportedly widespread in many Zoroastrian communities, and the "dedication of the eight month", not to Apąm (the "waters"), but to Apąm Napāt (the "son of the waters"), here being Varuna.^[18] Boyce & Grenet assert that this so-called "month-dedication" was apparantly unique to the Cappadocian calendar, and it may thus therefore be concluded that there was "controversy" among the Zoroastrians in Cappadocia regarding the elevation of Anahita over Varuna.^[19] Boyce & Grenet add that this phenomenon shows that even under the strong polity created by the Achaemenids, in a region known for its strong Persian religious influences, there was apparantly "still an element of local priestly autonomy".^[20] This priestly autonomy may have further developed in Cappadocia after the invasion of Alexander the Great.^[21] Osmana was the Cappadocian rendering of Vohu Manah, i.e., Vaŋhə̄uš manaŋhō (Younger Avestan) and Vahuman (Early Middle Persian).^[22]

Adaption to the Julian calendar

Though the Cappadocian calendar dates back to the Achaemenid period, extant evidence dates only back to Late Antiquity, when the calendar had already been adapted to the Julian calendar.^[23] According to Sacha Stern (2012), the Cappadocian calendar may have been adapted to the Julian calendar in 44 BC.^[24] It was, in all likelihood, the first calendar in the Roman East to become "Julianized", even before the Egyptian calendar.^[25] However, even after the "Julianization" of the calendar, in the Roman period, the date of the Cappadocian New Year was still "approximately compatible to an originally Persian Zoroastrian calendar", and its structure was still based on the original Persian calendar of 30 days and 5 epagomenal days.^[26]

References

1. ^{{harvnb|Stern|2012|pages=181-182, 269}}; {{harvnb|de Jong|1997|page=144}}.
2. ^{{harvnb|Panaino|1990|pages=658-677}}; {{harvnb|Stern|2012|page=182}}.
3. ^{{harvnb|Panaino|1990|pages=658-677}}; {{harvnb|de Jong|1997|page=144}}; {{harvnb|Stern|2012|pages=181-182, 269}}.
4. ^{{harvnb|de Jong|1997|page=144}}.
5. ^{{harvnb|Stern|2012|pages=182, 269}}; {{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|page=279}}; {{harvnb|Panaino|1990|pages=658-677}}.
6. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|2009}}; {{harvnb|de Jong|1997|page=144}}; {{harvnb|Stern|2012|pages=181-182, 269}}; {{harvnb|Skjærvø|2018|page=594}}
7. ^{{harvnb|Panaino|1990|pages=658-677}}.
8. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|page=279}}.
9. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|page=279}}.
10. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|page=279}}.
11. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|page=279}}.
12. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|2009}}.
13. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|2009}}.
14. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|2009}}.
15. ^{{harvnb|Panaino|1990|pages=658-677}}; {{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|page=279}}; {{harvnb|de Jong|1997|page=144}}.
16. ^{{harvnb|Panaino|1990|pages=658-677}}; {{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|pages=279-280}}.
17. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|page=280}}.
18. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|page=280}}.
19. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|page=280}}.
20. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|pages=280-281}}; {{harvnb|Weiskopf|1990|pages=780–786}}; {{harvnb|Boyce|2001|page=85}}.
21. ^{{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|pages=280-281}}.
22. ^{{harvnb|de Jong|1997|page=266}}.
23. ^{{harvnb|de Jong|1997|page=144}}; {{harvnb|Stern|2012|pages=181-182, 269-271}}.
24. ^{{harvnb|Stern|2012|pages=181-182, 269-271}}.
25. ^{{harvnb|Stern|2012|page=269}}.
26. ^{{harvnb|Stern|2012|page=182}}.

Context

Names of the months

Adaption to the Julian calendar

References

Sources