| 词条 | Carol Howe |
| 释义 |
| name = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = |alma_mater = Tulsa Metro Christian Academy | nationality = American | other_names =
| occupation = | years_active = | known_for = Former ATF informant, Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories | notable_works = }}Carol Elizabeth Howe[1][4] was a former informant for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Howe became a key figure in Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories following her claim that she informed authorities of a right-wing extremist plan to blow up a federal building in Oklahoma a few months before the Oklahoma City bombing.[5][8][6] Early lifeHowe was adopted at birth by a wealthy family in Tulsa, Oklahoma.[10] Upon graduating from Tulsa Metro Christian Academy as an honor student, she lived in several places in the early 1990s, either taking college classes or working a variety of "non-career" type jobs.[7] Fall-in with the radical rightAccording to White Aryan Resistance member Dennis Mahon, Howe wrote to him in 1993 with an alleged interest in joining his group.[8][9] However, Howe herself claims she became involved with white supremacists in 1994 after allegedly being injured by a group of African-American men.[10] According to Howe's lawyer, Howe then called Dial-A-Racist,[11] a local hotline operated by Mahon.[12] During her time as a white-separatist, she obtained a swastika tattoo on her shoulder and an Iron Cross on her leg.[10] Time at Elohim CityIn 1994, Mahon began taking 24-year-old Carol Howe to the white-separatist enclave in Elohim City, Oklahoma.[12][10] While living on the compound for some months, she appeared on German television with Mahon to advocate violence as a means to reach the goal of a racially pure, white society.[13] In August 1994, Carol Howe filed a restraining order against Dennis Mahon. This attracted her the attention of the ATF, who were already investigating Mahon's radical paramilitary group, W.A.R., for suspected violation of federal firearms and conspiracy laws. [14] According to Rev. Robert Millar, the founder and spiritual leader of Elohim City, Howe stayed there approximately six weeks before the Oklahoma City bombing.[15] ATF informant and Oklahoma City bombingFrom from August 1994 through March 1995, Howe served as an ATF informant going by the code number CI-183. She was paid $120 a week to monitor the Elohim City compound and wrote monthly reports to her ATF handler, Agent Angela Finley-Graham. [16][12] Agency officials claim that Howe was deactivated because of mental instability.[17] Agent Finely-Graham states that Carol Howe was reinstated in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, but did no informant work after June 1995.[18] Carol Howe claims that she informed her agency handlers, prior to April 19, 1995, that various Elohim City residents were planning an attack on Federal Buildings which included the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City.[19] Carol Howe was present at the Terry Nichols trial, where she testified that she saw Timothy McVeigh in Elohim City in July 1994 with Andreas Carl Strassmeir and Peter Ward. She also identified John Does #1 and #2 as brothers Pete and Tony Ward, both residents of the compound.[20] Judge Richard P. Matsch refused to allow Howe's testimony in Timothy McVeigh's trial in the Oklahoma City bombing case.[10] National Socialist Alliance of Oklahoma{{Infobox person| name = James Dodson Viefhaus Jr. | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1960 | birth_place = | nationality = | other_names = Thorsson | occupation = }} Sometime after the bombing, Carol Howe (using the name "Freya"), along with her then-fiancee, James Dodson Viefhaus Jr., formed a white supremacy organization in Tulsa, known as the National Socialist Alliance of Oklahoma, of which they were the only members.[21] The group advocated the destruction of blacks, Jews, homosexuals and federal law enforcement agents.[22] The alliance operated an Aryan Intelligence Network hotline on which Viefhaus had recorded a message sometime in December 1996 where he made a bomb threat.[23] His message demanded so-called "white warriors" to take action against the U.S. Government and that failure to do so before December 15 (of that year) would result in bombs going off in 15 U.S. cities. Despite this, no bombs detonated.[24] Viefhaus was arrested soon after he recorded this message in an answering machine at the Tulsa house he shared with Howe.[25] On Dec. 13, 1996, a search warrant was executed at the house the two shared. During a raid by federal agents, various items were found, which, according to FBI bomb expert Robert Heckman, could have been assembled into a pipe bomb with lethal potential.[26] In addition to bomb ingredients, federal agents found several guns, books on how to construct weapons and lists of alleged targets.[27] Also found in the house was a picture of the couple, holding weapons and wearing swastikas on their clothing.[28] TrialHowe had not been charged previously in connection with the December raid on the home, but at a hearing for Viefhaus, prosecutors had said they considered her "almost an equal threat."[29] Howe claims that she had set up the white supremacist hot line in 1996 to enhance her cover after federal agents disclosed her identity.[30] During her trial, she explained to the jury that her life as a white separatist was only done as a pose to gather information as an undercover Government informer. [31] She also testified that that the capped pipe, black power and length of fuse recovered from the home she shared with Viefhaus had been gathered during her work as an informant for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Viefhaus was convicted of transmitting a bomb threat by a telephone answering machine and conspiracy to transmit the threat and was sentenced to 38 months in prison for conspiracy, making a bomb threat and possessing the components of a destructive device.[32] Howe, however, was found not guilty in a separate trial.[33] PresentToday, Howe has changed her name to Amanda Bryn Collins, talks of law school, and is the subject of a Columbia Pictures movie project.[34] See also
References1. ^http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7678/1/tecopeland_etd2006v2.pdf {{DEFAULTSORT:Howe, Carol}}2. ^http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1049537/posts 3. ^http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=carole_howe_1 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/false-patriots|title=False Patriots|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|date=May 8, 2001|accessdate=October 1, 2018}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cVdDQAAQBAJ&pg|title=American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing|publisher=BookBaby|date=October 31, 2015|first1=Lou|last1=Michel|first2=Dan|last2=Herbeck|authorlink2=Dan Herbeck|isbn=978-0060394073}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/conspiracy_files/6264927.stm|title=Q&A: What really happened|work=The Conspiracy Files|date=March 2, 2007}} 7. ^https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/carol-howe-speaks-debutante-to-defendant-and-back-to-mainstream/article_a24a62c0-12f1-5903-83f6-b54ceb0a439c.html 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/former-opera-deb-indicted/article_a34fde80-a8b6-51fc-b036-a4e7c63e440e.html|title=Former Opera Deb Indicted|first=David|last= Harper|work=Tulsa World|date=March 13, 1997}} 9. ^1 {{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/07/23/mcveighs-lawyers-keeping-eye-on-bomb-threat-trial-in-tulsa/b426a9ae-2c51-43e9-8109-242f8495551b/|title=McVeigh's Lawyers Keeping Eye on Bomb Threat Trial in Tulsa|date=July 23, 1997|publisher=|work=Washington Post}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/carol-howe-speaks-debutante-to-defendant-and-back-to-mainstream/article_a24a62c0-12f1-5903-83f6-b54ceb0a439c.html|title=Carol Howe Speaks // Debutante to Defendant, And Back to Mainstream // Ex-Informant to Testify Today Before Grand Jury|first=David|last=Harper|date=October 8, 1997|work=Tulsa World}} 11. ^{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/05/mcveigh.usa|title=Conspirators|work=The Guardian|date=May 5, 2001|first=Jon|last=Ronson|authorlink=Jon Ronson|accessdate=October 1, 2018}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite newspaper |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/02/us/a-spy-on-radical-right-is-acquitted.html|title=A Spy on Radical Right Is Acquitted|work=The New York Times|date=August 2, 1997|last=Thomas|first=Jo|accessdate=October 1, 2018}} 13. ^https://www.apnews.com/fbf223c198dfc08584b8dfbbc518f0c8 14. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=carole_howe_1 | title=Carole Howe}} 15. ^https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/elohim-city-leader-admits-he-provided-fbi-with-information/article_6f9360dd-e479-526d-8c1e-31f45c2eab04.html 16. ^https://www.colorado.edu/gendersarchive1998-2013/1999/06/01/real-edye-icon-edye-smith-oklahoma-city-bombing-and-mobilization-ideologies 17. ^https://newsok.com/article/2606055/ex-informant-lying-attorney-claims-grand-jury-hears-from-atf-agent 18. ^https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/viefhaus-convicted-of-conspiracy/article_9e865e73-b373-5b76-9b1f-a8a9cac8e2d4.html 19. ^https://fas.org/irp/threat/mcveigh/part06.htm 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/howetestimony.html|title=Testimony of Carol Howe in the Terry Nichols Trial|date=December 10, 1997|website=law2.umkc.edu}} 21. ^https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/former-opera-deb-indicted/article_a34fde80-a8b6-51fc-b036-a4e7c63e440e.html 22. ^https://newsok.com/article/2643042/white-supremacists-bomb-threat-conviction-upheld 23. ^https://newsok.com/article/2643042/white-supremacists-bomb-threat-conviction-upheld 24. ^https://newsok.com/article/2643042/white-supremacists-bomb-threat-conviction-upheld 25. ^https://newsok.com/article/2573926/former-informant-faces-conspiracy-charges 26. ^https://newsok.com/article/2586688/items-could-have-made-lethal-bomb 27. ^https://newsok.com/article/2586487/opening-statements-to-begin-in-tulsa-bomb-threat-case 28. ^https://newsok.com/article/2573926/former-informant-faces-conspiracy-charges 29. ^https://newsok.com/article/2573926/former-informant-faces-conspiracy-charges 30. ^https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/viefhaus-convicted-of-conspiracy/article_9e865e73-b373-5b76-9b1f-a8a9cac8e2d4.html 31. ^https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/03/us/informer-on-radical-right-is-acquitted.html 32. ^https://newsok.com/article/2640373/judges-question-trials-procedure 33. ^https://newsok.com/article/2686183/informants-story-due-movie-treatment 34. ^https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/false-patriots 5 : Police informants|Year of birth missing (living people)|Living people|People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program|Oklahoma City bombing |
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