| 词条 | William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable | name = The Earl Beauchamp | honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|KCMG|CB|KStJ|PC}} | image = Earl beauchamp1900.jpg | order1 = First Commissioner of Works | term_start1 = 3 November 1910 | term_end1 = 6 August 1914 | monarch1 = George V | primeminister1 = H. H. Asquith | predecessor1 = Lewis Vernon Harcourt | successor1 = The Lord Emmott | order2 = Lord President of the Council | term_start2 = 16 June 1910 | term_end2 = 3 November 1910 | monarch2 = George V | primeminister2 = H. H. Asquith | predecessor2 = The Viscount Wolverhampton | successor2 = The Viscount Morley of Blackburn | term_start3 = 5 August 1914 | term_end3 = 25 May 1915 | monarch3 = George V | primeminister3 = H. H. Asquith | predecessor3 = The Viscount Morley of Blackburn | successor3 = The Marquess of Crewe | order4 = Lord Steward of the Household | term_start4 = 31 July 1907 | term_end4 = 16 June 1910 | monarch4 = Edward VII George V | primeminister4 = Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman H. H. Asquith | predecessor4 = The Earl of Liverpool | successor4 = The Earl of Chesterfield | order5 = Captain of the Gentlemen-at-Arms | term_start5 = 18 December 1905 | term_end5 = 31 July 1907 | monarch5 = Edward VII | primeminister5 = Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman | predecessor5 = The Lord Belper | successor5 = The Lord Denman | order6 = 20th Governor of New South Wales | term_start6 = 18 May 1899 | term_end6 = 30 April 1901 | monarch6 = Queen Victoria | predecessor6 = The Viscount Hampden | successor6 = Sir Harry Rawson | birth_date = {{Birth-date|20 February 1872|}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1938|11|14|1872|2|20}} | death_place = New York City, United States | nationality = British | party = Liberal | alma_mater = Christ Church, Oxford | spouse = Lady Lettice Grosvenor (1876–1936) | children = William Lygon, 8th Earl Beauchamp Hon. Hugh Patrick Lygon Lady Lettice Lygon Lady Sibell Lygon Lady Mary Lygon Lady Dorothy Lygon Hon. Richard Edward Lygon | parents = Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp Lady Mary Stanhope }} William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp, {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KG|KCMG|CB|KStJ|PC}} (20 February 1872 – 14 November 1938), styled Viscount Elmley until 1891, was a British Liberal politician. He was Governor of New South Wales between 1899 and 1901, a member of the Liberal administrations of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith between 1905 and 1915 and leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords between 1924 and 1931. When political enemies threatened to make public his homosexuality he resigned from office to go into exile. Lord Beauchamp is often assumed to be the model for the character Lord Marchmain in Evelyn Waugh's novel Brideshead Revisited. Background and educationBeauchamp was the eldest son of Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp, by his first wife, Lady Mary Catherine, daughter of Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope.[1] He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he showed an interest in evangelism, joining the Christian Social Union.[2][3] Early careerBeauchamp succeeded his father in the earldom in 1891 at the age of 18, and was mayor of Worcester between 1895 and 1896.[1] A progressive in his ideas, he was surprised to be offered the post of Governor of New South Wales in May 1899. Though he was good at the job and enjoyed the company of local artists and writers, he was unpopular in the colony for a series of gaffes and misunderstandings, most notably over his reference to the 'birthstain' of Australia's convict origins.[2] His open association with the high church and Anglo-Catholicism caused increased perturbation in the Evangelical Council.[2] In Sydney, William Carr Smith, rector of St James' Church was his chaplain.[4] Beauchamp returned to Britain in 1900, saying that his duties had failed to stimulate him. Political careerIn 1902, Beauchamp joined the Liberal Party and the same year he married Lady Lettice Mary Elizabeth Grosvenor, the daughter of Victor Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor.[2] When the Liberals came to power under Henry Campbell-Bannerman in December 1905, Beauchamp was appointed Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms[5] and was sworn of the Privy Council in January 1906.[6] In July 1907, he became Lord Steward of the Household,[7] a post he retained when H. H. Asquith became Prime Minister in 1908. He entered the cabinet as Lord President of the Council in June 1910,[8] a post that he held until November of the same year, when he was appointed First Commissioner of Works.[9] Identified with the radical wing of the Liberal Party, Beauchamp also chaired (in December 1913) the Central Land and Housing Council, which was designed to advance Lloyd George’s Land Campaign.[10] He was again Lord President of the Council from 1914 to 1915.[11] However, he was not a member of the coalition government formed by Asquith in May 1915. Lord Beauchamp never returned to ministerial office but was the Liberal leader in the House of Lords from 1924 to 1931, supporting the ailing party with his substantial fortune.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} While serving in Parliament, Beauchamp also voiced his support for a range of progressive measures such as workmen's compensation,[12] an expansion in rural housing provision, an agricultural minimum wage,[13] improved safety standards[14] and reduced working hours for miners.[15] Other public appointmentsLord Beauchamp was made Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire in 1911, carried the Sword of State at the coronation of King George V, was made Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1913 and a Knight of the Garter in 1914. He was also Chancellor of the University of London and a Six Master (Governor of RGS Worcester). In June 1901, he received the honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) from the University of Glasgow.[16] Sexuality and blackmailIn 1931, Lord Beauchamp was "outed" as homosexual.[17] Although Beauchamp's homosexuality was an open secret in parts of high society and one that his political opponents had refrained from using against him despite its illegality, Lady Beauchamp was oblivious to it and professed a confusion as to what homosexuality was when it was revealed.[3] At one stage she thought her husband was being accused of being a bugler.[18] He had numerous affairs at Madresfield and Walmer Castle, with his partners ranging from servants to socialites, including local men.[3] In 1930, while on a trip to Australia, it became common knowledge in London society that one of the men escorting him, Robert Bernays, a member of the Liberal Party, was a lover.[3] It was reported to King George V and Queen Mary by Beauchamp's Tory brother-in-law, the Duke of Westminster, who hoped to ruin the Liberal Party through Beauchamp, as well as Beauchamp personally due his private dislike of Beauchamp.[3] Homosexual practice was a criminal offence at the time, and the King was horrified, rumoured to have said, "I thought men like that shot themselves".[3] The King had a personal interest in the case, as his sons Henry and George had visited Madresfield in the past. George was then in a relationship with Beauchamp's daughter Mary, which was cut off by her father's outing.[3] After sufficient evidence had been gathered by the Duke, Beauchamp was made an offer to separate from his wife Lettice (without a divorce), retire on a pretence and then leave the country. Beauchamp refused, and, shortly afterwards, the Countess Beauchamp obtained a divorce.[3] There was no public scandal, but Lord Beauchamp resigned all his offices except that of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and went into exile on the continent (fearing arrest if he did not), briefly contemplating suicide.[3] Following his departure for the continent, his brother-in-law sent him a note which read. "Dear Bugger-in-law, you got what you deserved. Yours, Westminster."[19] Literary inspirationLord Beauchamp is generally supposed to have been the model for Lord Marchmain in Evelyn Waugh's novel, Brideshead Revisited. They were both aristocrats in exile, though for different reasons.[20] In his 1977 book, Homosexuals in History, historian A. L. Rowse suggests that Beauchamp's failed appointment as Governor of New South Wales was the inspiration for Hilaire Belloc's satirical children's poem, Lord Lundy, which has as its final line a command to Lord Lundy from his aged grandfather: "Go out and govern New South Wales!". Nevertheless, says Rowse, "Lord Lundy's chronic weakness was tears. This was not Lord Beauchamp's weakness: he enjoyed life, was always gay."[17] FamilyLord Beauchamp married at Eccleston, Cheshire, on 26 July 1902 Lady Lettice Grosvenor, daughter of Victor Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor, and Lady Sibell Lumley, and granddaughter of the 1st Duke of Westminster.[21] They had three sons and four daughters:
Lady Beauchamp died in 1936, aged 59, estranged from all her children except her youngest child.[24] Lord Beauchamp died of cancer in New York City in 1938, aged 66. He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, William. Of the Earl's seven children, all but the second son Hugh (who was homosexual) married, but only two left issue. Styles of address
References1. ^1 thepeerage.com William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp 2. ^1 2 3 "Beauchamp, seventh Earl (1872–1938)", Australian Dictionary of Biography 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/book_extracts/article6788504.ece|title=Sex scandal behind Brideshead Revisited|work=The Times | author=Paula Byrne|date=9 August 2009|accessdate=10 August 2009 | location=London}} 4. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16698311 |title=CanonN W. I. Carr Smith |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald | location=NSW |date=5 July 1930 |accessdate=23 October 2013 |page=19 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} 5. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27877 |date=23 January 1906 |page=541 }} 6. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27873 |date=9 January 1906 |page=182 }} 7. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28046 |date=30 July 1907 |page=5281 }} 8. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28386 |date=21 June 1910 |page=4366}} 9. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28435 |date=8 November 1910 |page=7979}} 10. ^{{cite web|last=Dutton|first=David|url=http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/23_dutton_biographies.pdf|title=Biographies: William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp (1872–1938)|work=liberahistory.org.uk|accessdate=1 January 2016}} 11. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28862 |date=4 August 1914 |page=6165 }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1906/dec/14/workmens-compensation-bill#S4V0167P0_19061214_HOL_209|title=Workmen's Compensation Bill|date=14 December 1906|work=Hansard|accessdate=1 January 2016}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1914/apr/28/the-housing-of-the-working-classes#S5LV0015P0_19140428_HOL_82|title=The Housing of the Working Classes|date=28 April 1914|work=Hansard|accessdate=1 January 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1910/jul/25/mines-accidents-rescue-and-aid-bill#S5LV0006P0_19100725_HOL_67|title=Mines Accidents (Rescue and Aid) Bill|date=25 July 1910|work=Hansard|accessdate=1 January 2016}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1908/dec/15/coal-mines-eight-hours-bill#S4V0198P0_19081215_HOL_17|title=Coal Mines (Eight Hours) Bill|date=15 December 1908|work=Hansard|accessdate=1 January 2016}} 16. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Glasgow University jubilee |day_of_week=Friday |date=14 June 1901 |page_number=10 |issue=36481| }} 17. ^1 A. L. Rowse, Homosexuals in History (1977), pp. 222–223 {{ISBN|0-88029-011-0}} 18. ^{{cite book|last1=Eade|first1=Philip|title=Evelyn Waugh: A life revisited|date=2016|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=978 0 297 86920 7|page=160}} 19. ^{{Cite book|last=Tinniswood|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Tinniswood|title=The Long Weekend: Life in the English Country House Between the Wars|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|year=2016|ISBN=9780224099455|page=260}} 20. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3673649/Evelyn-Waugh-a-blueprint-for-Brideshead.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Evelyn Waugh: a blueprint for Brideshead |first=Jane |last=Mulvagh |date=24 May 2008 }} 21. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Court Circular|day_of_week=Monday |date=28 July 1902 |page_number=9 |issue=36831| }} 22. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1503055/Lady-Sibell-Rowley.html "Lady Sibell Rowley" (obituary)] Daily Telegraph, 16 November 2005. 23. ^{{cite news|title=Obituaries: Lady Dorothy Heber Percy|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1362599/Lady-Dorothy-Heber-Percy.html|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=17 Nov 2001}} 24. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3553486/The-scandal-that-shook-Brideshead.html "The scandal that shook Brideshead]. "..back in England, Lady Beauchamp was even more isolated. Estranged from all her children, save for Dickie, she led a pitiful existence: alone, confused, ill and in thrall to her bullying brother. Lady Beauchamp's children never made peace with her. She died in 1936, five years after her husband's flight. She was only 59." External linksBiographies
Bibliography
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