“William Maclure”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

William Maclure (27 October 1763 – 23 March 1840) was an Americanized Scottish geologist, cartographer and philanthropist.^[1]^[2] He is known as the 'father of American geology'.^[3] ^[4] As a social experimenter on new types of community life, he collaborated with British social reformer Robert Owen, (1771–1854), in Indiana, United States.

Maclure had a highly successful mercantile career, making a fortune that allowed him to retire in 1797 at the early age of 34 to pursue his scientific, geological and other interests. In 1809 he made the earliest attempt at a geological map of the United States of America.^[5]

Biography

Early life, business, and education

After a brief visit to New York City in 1782, he began work with the merchants Miller, Hart & Co, who traded and shipped goods to and from America. Maclure was based in the London office but regularly travelled to France and Ireland on business.^[6] In 1796 business affairs took him to Virginia, which he thereafter made his home.

In 1803 he visited France as one of the commissioners appointed to settle the claims of American citizens on the French government; and during the few years then spent in Europe he applied himself with enthusiasm to the study of geology.

While residing in Switzerland, he became impressed with what is now called the Pestalozzi School System, from Swiss pedagogist Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827).

Geological map

On his return home in 1807 he commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times.^[7] The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the first geological map of that country, Maclure's 1809 Geological Map.^[8] This antedates William Smith's geological map of England and Wales (with part of Scotland) by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks.

In 1812, while in France, Maclure became a member of the newly founded Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). In 1817 Maclure became president of the ANSP, a post he held for the next 22 years.

In 1817, while residing in Europe, Maclure brought before the same society a revised edition of his map, and his great geological memoir, which he had issued separately, with some additional matter, under the title Observations on the Geology of the United States of America.^[9]^[10] Subsequent surveys have corroborated the general accuracy of Maclure's observations.

Later years

In 1819 he visited Spain, and attempted, unsuccessfully, to establish an agricultural college near the city of Alicante. Returning to America in 1824, he settled for some years at New Harmony, Indiana, seeking to develop his vision of the agricultural college. Failing health ultimately required him to relinquish the attempt and to seek (in 1827) a more congenial climate in Mexico. There, in 1840, at San Ángel, he died aged 77. His will provided for a trust fund consisting of most of his property. Under the terms of the Trust, 160 workingmen's libraries were established. The treatment of Maclure's burial site in Mexico was bereft of the honors due the respected humanitarian and geologist:

New Harmony

The New Harmony commune in Indiana produced a number of geologists, naturalists, and botanists which were influenced by Maclure, such as: Robert Dale Owen (1801–1877), social reformer; David Dale Owen (1807–1860), geologist, artist; Jane Dale Owen Fauntleroy (1806–1861), educator; and Richard Owen (1810–1890) geologist, first president of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. They interacted there with a formidable crop of contemporary geologists, social reformers, botanists, paleobotanists, ethnologists, civil engineers, etc.

European Journals

The European Journals of William Maclure^[13] was a monumental book, describing, charting, and chronicling much of the features of Europe.

Honors, awards, and tributes

See also

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite book |author= |author-link = |chapter= MACLURE, WILLIAM (1763 - 1840) |title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica; A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information |page= 263 |year=1911 |volume=XVII (LORD CHAMBERLAIN to MECKLENBURG)|edition= 11th |publisher=At the University Press |place=Cambridge, England |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri17chisrich/page/262 |accessdate= 29 January 2019 |via= Internet Archive}}
2. ^{{cite journal | last=Bantu | first= Richard E. | url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/imh/dlpview;jsessionid=4BF94861690B2F95CCD7492AB0440519?docId=VAA4025-044-1-a02&doc.view=print | title= New Harmony's Golden Years | journal= Indiana Magazine of History | year= 1948 | number= 1 | page= 26 | accessdate= 6 July 2012 }}
3. ^{{cite book |last=Geikie |first= Archibald |author-link= Archibald Geikie |title= The Founders of Geology |url= https://archive.org/details/foundersgeology01geikgoog/page/n472 |place= London and New York |publisher= Macmillan and Co., Limited |year= 1905 |edition= 2nd |pages= 458 |accessdate=3 February 2019 |via= Internet Archive}}
4. ^{{cite book |last=Merrill |first= George P. |authorlink= George Perkins Merrill|year=1906 |title= Contributions to the History of American Geology |publisher= Government Printing Office |place= Washington, D.C. |url= https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015066939177 |page= 217 |via=HathiTrust |accessdate= January 28, 2019 }}
5. ^Merrill, G.P. (1904) Contributions to the history of American geology. Rep. US Natn. Mus. For 1904, Gov Printing Office, Washington D.C., 189-733, 1906
6. ^Donachie, I. William Maclure: Science, Pestalozzianism and Reform in Europe and the United States Accessed 26 August 2012
7. ^Page 39 in Greene, J.C. and Burke, J.G. (1978) The Science of Minerals in the Age of Jefferson. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 1-113
8. ^{{cite book |last=Maclure |first= William |title= Observations on the Geology of the United States, explanatory of a Geological Map|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume= 6|year=1809 |pages= 411-428 |url= https://archive.org/details/jstor-1004821/page/n1 |via= Internet Archive |accessdate= January 29, 2019 }}
9. ^{{cite journal |last=Maclure |first=William |title=Observations on the Geology of the United States of North America; With Remarks on the Probable Effects That May Be Produced by the Decomposition of the Different Classes of Rocks on the Nature and Fertility of Soils: Applied to the Different States of the Union, Agreeably to the Accompanying Geological Map |journal= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume= 1|year= 1818 |pages=1-91 |JSTOR= 1004895}}
10. ^{{cite book |last=Maclure |first= William |title= Observations on the Geology of the United States of America; with Some Remarks on the Effect Produced on the Nature and Fertility of the Soils, By the Decomposition of the Different Classes of Rocks; With An Application to the Fertility of Every State in the Union, In Reference to the Accompanying Geological Map; With Two Plates |publisher= Printed for the Author by Abraham Small and sold by him and J. Melish |place= Philadelphia, |year= 1817 |url= https://books.google.bg/books?id=4fcTAAAAQAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22William%20Maclure%22&hl=bg&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate= January 29, 2019 |via= Google Books}}
11. ^[https://archive.org/details/mexicoasitwasan01mayegoog Mexico the Way It Was and Is.(1847) p.158] at archive.org
12. ^J. Percy Moore (1947) William Maclure - Scientist and Humanitarian Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 91, No. 3. pp.234-249
13. ^The European Journals of William Maclure. William Maclure, edited by John S. Doskey. Diane Publishing, (1988), {{ISBN|0-87169-171-X}}, 9780871691712), 815 pages.
14. ^{{cite Farquhar |index=M |accessdate=2009-08-14}}
15. ^{{Cite map|publisher=TopoQwest (United States Geological Survey Maps)|title=Mount Lyell, CA|url=http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=37.74673&lon=-119.28266&datum=nad83&zoom=4|accessdate=2012-09-30}}
16. ^{{cite gnis|id=251984|name=Maclure Glacier|accessdate=2012-09-30}}
17. ^{{Silvics |first=J D |last=Burton |volume=2 |genus=Maclura |species=pomifera |accessdate=2009-03-03}}
18. ^{{cite book|author=Benjamin Eli Smith|title=The Century dictionary and cyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGlXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3562|year=1899|publisher=The Century co.|pages=3562–}}