| 词条 | Catholic teaching on homosexuality |
| 释义 |
Catholic teaching on homosexuality is laid out out in the Catechism of the Catholic Church and a number of magisterial documents. The Church teaches that while homosexual sexual acts, like all sexual acts outside of marriage, are sinful, having a homosexual orientation itself is not a sin and that LGBT people, like all people, are to be treated with respect. Catechism of the Catholic ChurchThe current Catechism of the Catholic Church summarizes the Church's teaching on homosexuality as follows:[1] {{blockquote|Homosexuality refers to relations between men or between women who experience an exclusive or predominant sexual attraction toward persons of the same sex. It has taken a great variety of forms through the centuries and in different cultures. Its psychological genesis remains largely unexplained. Basing itself on Sacred Scripture, which presents homosexual acts as acts of grave depravity, tradition has always declared that 'homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered'. They are contrary to the natural law. They close the sexual act to the gift of life. They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity. Under no circumstances can they be approved.[2]The number of men and women who have deep-seated homosexual tendencies is not negligible. This inclination, which is objectively disordered, constitutes for most of them a trial. They must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided. These persons are called to fulfill God's will in their lives and, if they are Christians, to unite to the sacrifice of the Lord's Cross the difficulties they may encounter from their condition. Homosexual persons are called to chastity. By the virtues of self-mastery that teach them inner freedom, at times by the support of disinterested friendship, by prayer and sacramental grace, they can and should gradually and resolutely approach Christian perfection.[3]}} The earlier first provisional edition issued in 1992 had contained the line "They do not choose their homosexual condition; for most of them it is a trial." This was changed in the 1997 definitive edition to say instead "This inclination, which is objectively disordered, constitutes for most of them a trial."[4] "Objectively disordered" and "intrinsically disordered"It has been said that within the Church's teaching on homosexuality there "are hidden nuances which 99 percent of the Catechism’s readers cannot be expected to fathom."[5] Included in this are the phrases "objectively disordered" and "intrinsically disordered," terms which rise from the language of Catholic moral theology and Catholic philosophy.[6][7][5] In this usage, the term "disordered" indicates a departure from the norm and not, as usage in English could suggest, sinful, demeaning, or sickly.[9] LGBT people and others have found the terms to be "'offensive,' 'hard on the ears' or 'disrespectful'" and, because of this, they often feel ostracized.[6] Cardinal Basil Hume has said that "the word 'disordered' is a harsh one in our English language. It immediately suggests a sinful situation, or at least implies a demeaning of the person or even a sickness. It should not be so interpreted."[7] The term "objectively disordered" does not refer to the person themselves.[6] Hume continued: First, the word is a term belonging to the vocabulary of traditional Catholic moral theology and philosophy. It is used to describe an inclination which is a departure from what is generally regarded to be the norm. The norm consists of an inclination towards a sexual relationship with a person of the opposite sex and not between persons of the same sex. Being a homosexual person is, then, neither morally good nor morally bad; it is homosexual genital acts that are morally wrong. Secondly, when the Church speaks of the inclination to homosexuality as being 'an objective disorder' (PC para.3), she does not consider, of course, the whole personality and character of the individual to be thereby disordered.[7] In a 2006 commentary, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger argued that some had misinterpreted the term "intrinsically disordered" to imply that the homosexual tendency could be good or even neutral.[14] In Catholic theology of sexuality, all sexual acts must be open to procreation and express the symbolism of male-female complementarity.[5] As acts between two members of the same gender cannot meet these standards, they are described as "intrinsically disordered."[5] At the 2015 Synod on the Family, Archbishop Charles Chaput said that the phrase "intrinsically disordered" turns people off and "probably isn’t useful anymore."[17] While making clear that any new language adopted should make clear the Church's teaching, he said that this particular phrase should be put "on the shelf for a while, until we get over the negativity related to it."[17] Development of the Church's teachingPersona humanaIn 1975, during the pontificate of Pope Paul VI, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued the document Persona humana (Human Person) dealing with sexual ethics. It stated that acceptance of homosexual activity runs counter to the church's teaching and morality. It said that although a distinction exists between people who were homosexual because of "a false education [...] a lack of normal sexual development", or other curable non-biological causes and people who were innately or "pathological[ly]" homosexual, it criticized those who argued that innate homosexuality justified same-sex sexual activity within loving relationships and stated that the Bible condemned homosexual activity as depraved, "intrinsically disordered," never to be approved, and a consequence of rejecting God.[5] As humans have free will, they can choose whether or not to act upon those attractions.[5], and therefore what "is at all costs to be avoided is the unfounded and demeaning assumption that the sexual behavior of homosexual persons is always and totally compulsive."[5] Critics have argued that the "negative connotations" of the language in Persona Humana—for instance, referring to homosexuality as an "anomaly" that gay people "suffer[ed]" from—contrast with more neutral and even positive interpretations of homosexual orientation over the next ten years. However, these "overly benign" interpretations were to be challenged in 1986.[22]{{rp|193}} On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual PersonsIn October 1986, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith released a letter addressed to all the bishops of the Catholic Church entitled On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons.[6] This was signed by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger as prefect. The letter gave instructions on how the clergy should deal with, and respond to, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people.[7] Designed to remove any ambiguity about permissible tolerance of homosexual orientation resulting from the earlier Persona Humana—and prompted by the growing influence of gay-accepting groups and clergy—the letter was particularly aimed at the church in the United States.[7]{{rp|193}}[8][9] It affirmed the position that while homosexual orientation is not in itself a sin, it is nevertheless a tendency towards the "moral evil" of homosexual activity, and therefore must be considered "an objective disorder".[10][29]{{rp|221}} The letter went on to say that when homosexual activity is the result of deliberate choice, it is not made inculpable by natural sexual orientation.[30][11][12] Furthermore, the letter argues that this natural homosexual orientation is "essentially self-indulgent" since homosexual sexual acts are not procreative and therefore not genuinely loving or selfless.[7]{{rp|193}}[10]{{rp|222}} The letter condemned physical and verbal violence against gay people,[13]{{rp|193}} but asserted that condemnation of violence did not mean that the homosexual orientation was good or neutral or that homosexual sexual acts should be permitted.[10]{{rp|222}}[30] However, it added that human beings, being made in the image and likeness of God, could not be reduced to either heterosexuals or homosexuals.[7] Instead, it affirmed that every person, gay or straight, "has a fundamental identity: a creature of God, and by grace, his child and heir to eternal life."[7] The letter also said that accepting homosexual acts as morally equivalent to married heterosexual acts was harmful to the family and society and warned bishops to be on guard against, and not to support, Catholic organizations not upholding the Church's doctrine on homosexuality—groups which the letter said were not really Catholic.[8]{{rp|201}}[10]{{rp|223}}[14] This alluded to LGBT and LGBT-accepting Catholic groups such as DignityUSA and New Ways Ministry,[8]{{rp|201}} and ultimately resulted in the exclusion of Dignity from Church property.[15][16][17][18] Critics have described the document as teaching "that a gay male or lesbian sexual identity is not to be celebrated, nor is it properly seen as a source of pride".[7] The claims that accepting and legalizing homosexual behaviour leads to violence were seen as controversially blaming gay people for homophobic violence and encouraging homophobic violence.[7]{{rp|193}}[19] Referring to the AIDS epidemic,[20][21] the letter, McNeill writes, blamed AIDS on gay rights activists and gay-accepting mental health professionals:[19] "Even when the practice of homosexuality may seriously threaten the lives and well-being of a large number of people, its advocates remain undeterred and refuse to consider the magnitude of the risks involved".[22] Andrew Sullivan called this comment "extraordinary for its lack of compassion"[23] and added that "some of [the letter's] clauses read chillingly like comparable church documents produced in Europe in the 1930s."[24] In a statement released in July 1992, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith expanded on the letter and stated that discrimination against gay people in certain areas, such as selecting adoptive or foster parents or in hiring teachers, coaches, or military service members, is not unjust, and thus permitted.[22] Synods on the Family{{main|Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|Fourteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops}}{{see also|Pastoral care for gay Catholics|Pope Francis and homosexuality}}At the 2014 Synod on the Family, the interim report asked if the Church was capable of guaranteeing gay Catholics "a place of fellowship in our communities" and "accepting and valuing their sexual orientation, without compromising Catholic doctrine on the family and matrimony."[58] It added that gay people have "gifts and qualities to offer the Christian community."[59] Cardinal Donald Wuerl argued that it was "not so much a change in the teaching of the Church, but a way of saying it that is far more inviting, far more welcoming."[60] The interim report's statements on homosexuality were described by gay rights advocates as "a seismic shift in tone toward acceptance of gays."[61][62][63] One priest commentator said that the language used "represents a revolutionary change in how the church addresses the LGBT community," pointing to the document's lack of use of phrases such as "intrinsically disordered."[59] At the larger follow up Synod on the Family in 2015, the rejection of "exclusionary language" towards gays was a topic of discussion.[65] One Synod member, who was not publicly identified, said that gay Catholics "are our children. They are family members. They are not outsiders. They are our flesh and blood. How do we speak about them [positively] and offer a hand of welcome?"[65][67] According to Archbishop Mark Coleridge of Australia, there was strong support in the early days of the assembly for using a "less condemnatory approach," especially regarding language, when pastorally caring for and speaking about gay Catholics, on the order of 70% in favor and 30% opposed.[68] The final report repeated Church teaching that every person, gay or straight, should be treated with dignity and not face unjust discrimination, but also reaffirmed that marriage was between a man and a woman.[69] It did not describe how the Church should minister directly to them, but did say that there should be outreach.[69] Local perspectivesEuropeThe Dutch Catechism, first published in 1966, was the first post-Vatican II Catholic catechism and was an expression of the magisterium of the Dutch bishops, who commissioned and authorized it. The 1973 edition, issued after a Vatican review of the original text, dealt with the issue of homosexuality: "It is not the fault of the individual if he or she is not attracted to the other sex. The causes of homosexuality are unknown ... The very sharp strictures of Scripture on homosexual practices (Gen. 1; Rom. 1) must be read in their context." In January 2018, German bishop Franz-Josef Bode of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück argued in an interview that blessing of same-sex unions in Catholic churches in Germany should be considered.[25] In February 2018, Cardinal Reinhard Marx, chairman of the German Bishops' Conference agreed that such blessings should be looked at at the local level on a case by case basis.[72] In Austria, the blessing of same-sex unions has been offered in at least two parishes in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Linz.[73] United KingdomRichard Scorer wrote that the leadership of the English Church has been "notably less homophobic than the Vatican", and that, in 1992, on publication of a statement by Cardinal Ratzinger, which Scorer said justified discrimination against homosexuals, Cardinal Basil Hume was said to be "appalled by the language and tone of the document" and privately distanced himself.[26]In April 1997, Hume issued A note on the teaching of the Catholic Church concerning homosexuality. It stated that the Church recognises the dignity and right to respectful treatment of all people and does not see their "objective disorder" of homosexual people as making them wholly disordered. It also said that sexual activity ought only to take place within an opposite-sex marriage and said that the Church cannot "acknowledge amongst fundamental human rights a proposed right to acts which she teaches are morally wrong."[27] United StatesIn 1976, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops wrote to American Catholics that gays "should have an active role in the Christian community."[28] In 1991, they called on "all Christians and citizens of good will to confront their own fears about homosexuality and to curb the humor and discrimination that offend homosexual persons. We understand that having a homosexual orientation brings with it enough anxiety, pain and issues related to self-acceptance without society bringing additional prejudicial treatment."[29] In 1997, the US Catholic Bishops Conference published a letter entitled Always Our Children, as a pastoral message to parents of gay and bisexual children with guidelines for pastoral ministers. It told parents not to break off contact with a gay or bisexual son or daughter; they should instead look for appropriate counseling both for the child and for themselves. The letter said that, while homosexual orientation is not sinful, homosexual activity is immoral, but gay people must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity, and allowed to participate actively in the Christian community, and even, if living chastely, to hold leadership positions.[30][31][32]{{rp|131}} It added that "it is not sufficient only to avoid unjust discrimination. Homosexual persons 'must be accepted with respect, compassion and sensitivity.'"[30] It also noted "an importance and urgency" to minister to those with AIDS, especially considering the impact it had on the gay community, and the bishops "reject[ed] the idea that HIV/AIDS is a direct punishment from God."[30] They closed by saying that "nothing in the Bible or in Catholic teaching can be used to justify prejudicial or discriminatory attitudes and behaviors."[30] See also
Notes1. ^Stewart 2003, p. 184 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm#2357 |title=Chastity and homosexuality|work=Catechism of the Catholic Church - Article 6: The sixth commandment |publisher=Vatican.va |date=29 October 1951 |accessdate=11 February 2013}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p3s2c2a6.htm#2358 |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2358-2359 |publisher=Scborromeo.org |date=29 October 1951 |accessdate=5 December 2011}} 4. ^Originally published in French in {{cite book |title=Catéchisme de l'Église Catholique |last= |first= |authorlink= |year=1992 |publisher=Mame/Plon |location=Tours/Paris |isbn=2-266-00585-5 |page=584 |pages= |url= |quote=Ils ne choisissent pas leur condition homosexuelle; elle constitue pour la plupart d'entre eux une épreuve}} See {{cite web | url=http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/updates.htm | title=Modifications from the Edito Typica | accessdate=11 May 2012 | year=2009|publisher=Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church website/Amministrazione Del Patrimonio Della Sede Apostolica}} and {{cite web |url=http://www.americamagazine.org/blog/entry.cfm?entry_id=4861 |title=Respect, Compassion and Sensitivity |author=James Martin, S.J. |date=12 January 2012 |work=blog |publisher=America |accessdate=11 May 2012}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19751229_persona-humana_en.html|title=Persona Humana - Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics|website=www.vatican.va}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19861001_homosexual-persons_lt.html|title=Epistula de pastorali personarum homosexualium cura, d. 1 m. Octobris a. 1986, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei|website=www.vatican.va}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|last=Siker|first=Jeffrey S.|title=Homosexuality And Religion: An Encyclopedia|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|page=193}} 8. ^1 2 John L. Allen, Benedict XVI: A Biography, Continuum, 2005, p201 9. ^{{Cite book |title=The Vatican and homosexuality: reactions to the "Letter to the bishops of the Catholic Church on the pastoral care of homosexual persons" |year=1988 |last=Gramick |first=Jeannine |last2=Nugent |first2=Robert |publisher=Crossroad | page = 112}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Scarnecchia |first=D. Brian|title=Bioethics, Law, and Human Life Issues|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-81087423-7}} 11. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=pmshAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77&dq=Linacre+homosexual+culpability&hl=en&sa=X&ei=b4heVK2IDYbV7gaCjIHgCg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Linacre%20homosexual%20culpability&f=false Robert J. Dempsey, "The Catholic Church's Teaching about Same-Sex Marriage" in The Linacre Quarterly, vol 75 (2008), p. 77] 12. ^{{Cite book |title=Sex and Virtue: An Introduction to Sexual Ethics|first=John S. |last=Grabowski |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XuKHQ8u0s8C&pg=PA137 |year=2003}} 13. ^Jeffrey Siker, Homosexuality and Religion 14. ^1 2 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Letter on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons, 1 October 1986 15. ^{{Cite book |title=Gay religion |chapter=The gay god of the city: the emergence of the gay and lesbian ethnic parish |publisher=Rowman Altamira |first=Leonard Norman |last=Primiano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTZuAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |page=10}} 16. ^{{Cite book |title=Roman Catholicism in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-nEky7gs_wC&pg=PA178 |first=Chester |last=Gillis |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |page=178}} 17. ^{{Cite book |title=Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Question - Sexual Ethics Or Social Justice? |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |year=1996 |first=Richard |last=Peddicord |page=viii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaDXSkJX-3EC&pg=PR8}} 18. ^{{Cite book |title=What's Left? Liberal American Catholics|year=1999 |publisher=Indiana University Press|chapter=Resisting Traditional Catholic Sexual Teaching: Pro-Choice Advocacy and Homosexual Support Groups |last=Weaver|first=Mary Jo |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wuAo7LRdzwC&pg=PA100}} 19. ^1 McNeill, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UD-5Gnn87W8C&pg=PR14 The Church and the Homosexual], 4th ed, p154 20. ^{{cite book|last=Dillon |first=Michele |title=Catholic Identity |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-52163959-0|page=59}} 21. ^{{cite book|last=Kowalewski |first=Mark R. |title=All Things to All People |year=1994 |publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-79141778-2|page=47}} 22. ^1 "Some Considerations Concerning the Catholic Response to Legislative Proposals on the Non-Discrimination of Homosexual Persons", Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. July 1992. 23. ^John L. Allen 2005, p. 202 24. ^John L. Allen 2005, p. 203 25. ^"Catholic Herald, "German bishop suggests blessing same-sex unions"(22 January 2018) - http://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2018/01/12/german-bishop-suggests-blessing-same-sex-unions/ 26. ^Richard Scorer, "Betrayed: The English Catholic Church and the sex abuse crisis", Biteback, 2014, p20 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dioceseofcleveland.org/gayandlesbianfamilyministry/Hume1997.pdf|title=Cardinal Basil Hume, "A note on the teaching of the Catholic Church on homosexuality", April 1977|publisher=}} 28. ^National Conference of Catholic Bishops, To Live in Christ Jesus: A Pastoral Reflection on the Moral Life, 1976, p. 19 29. ^Human Sexuality: A Catholic Perspective for Education and Lifelong Learning, 1991, p. 55 30. ^1 2 3 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Always Our Children: A pastoral message to parents of homosexual children and suggestions for pastoral ministers 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stmaryofcelle.org/SMCweb/relig-ed/enlightenment/always.html|title=Always our children|website=www.stmaryofcelle.org}} 32. ^{{Cite book |title=Breaking Faith: The Pope, the People and the Fate of Catholicism |first=John |last=Cornwell |year=2001 |publisher=Viking}} 33. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The Advocate's Person of the Year 2013|url=http://www.advocate.com/year-review/2013/12/16/advocates-person-year-pope-francis|publisher=The Advocate Magazine|first=Lucas|last=Grindley|date=16 December 2013|accessdate=3 June 2015}} 34. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | url =https://rcdow.org.uk/news/pastoral-provision-our-lady-of-the-assumption/ | title = Pastoral provision at the Church of Our Lady of the Assumption | date = 28 February 2012 | publisher = Diocese of Westminster | accessdate = July 16, 2018 }} 35. ^[https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/Bischof-Bode-fuer-Segnung-von-Homo-Paaren,segnung100.html NDR.de: Bischof für Segnung von homosexuellen Paaren (German)], 10 January, 2018 36. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://amanpour.blogs.cnn.com/2014/10/15/cardinal-hails-welcoming-language-on-homosexuals/|title=Cardinal hails ‘welcoming’ language on homosexuals|first=Mick|last=Krever|publisher=CNN|date=15 October 2014|accessdate=10 January 2015}} 37. ^1 {{cite news | url=http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/10/07/archbishop-coleridge-says-synod-6535-against-communion-for-the-divorced-and-remarried/ | title=Archbishop Coleridge says synod 65/35 against Communion for the divorced and remarried | work=Crux | date=7 October 2015 | accessdate=8 October 2015 |author1=Allen Jr. |author2=John L. }} 38. ^1 {{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2014/10/13/vatican-meeting-see-the-positive-even-in-irregular-families/| title = Church must show more compassion, respect for same-sex couples, Vatican document says| first = Michelle | last = Boorstein| newspaper = The Washington Post|date=13 October 2014 |accessdate=20 October 2014}} 39. ^1 {{cite news| title = Conservative bishops dismayed by opening to gays| url = http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2014/10/14/rollback-bishops-seek-to-balance-opening-to-gays/| work = Crux| accessdate = 20 October 2014| date = 14 October 2014| last = Winfield| first = Nicole }} 40. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=N3zM1injK8QC&pg=PA273 Michael L. Coulter, Richard S. Myers, Joseph A. Varacalli (editors), Encyclopedia of Catholic Social Thought, Social Science, and Social Policy: Supplement] (Scarecrow Press 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-81088266-9}}), p. 273 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/reinhard-marx-kardinal-stellt-segnung-homosexueller-paare-in-aussicht-a-1191270.html|title=Katholische Kirche: Kardinal Marx stellt Segnung homosexueller Paare in Aussicht|date=3 February 2018|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2018|via=Spiegel Online}} 42. ^1 2 {{cite news | url = http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/10/24/bishops-integrate-remarried-catholics-into-church-life/ | title = Bishops: Integrate remarried Catholics into Church life | first1 = Michael J. | last1 = O'Loughlin | first2 = Inés | last2 = San Martín | work = Crux | date = 24 October 2015 | accessdate = 24 October 2015 }} 43. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.newwaysministry.org/2018/02/15/midst-debate-austrian-parishes-bless-gender-couples-love/|title=In Midst of Debate, Austrian Parishes Bless Same-Gender Couples' Love - New Ways Ministry|date=15 February 2018|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2018}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/kardinal-marx-homosexuelle-100.html|title=Erzbischof Reinhard Marx: "Segnung homosexueller Paare ist möglich" - BR.de|first=Bayerischer|last=Rundfunk|date=3 February 2018|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2018}} 45. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | title = The Meaning of “Objectively Disordered” | url = https://www.crisismagazine.com/2014/objectively-disordered | publisher = Crisis magazine | date = August 27, 2014 | first = Arland K. | last = Nichols | accessdate = July 18, 2018 }} 46. ^1 {{cite news | url=http://ncronline.org/news/vatican/vatican-pope-reminded-synod-divorced-and-remarried-not-only-issue | title=Vatican: Pope reminded Synod that divorced and remarried not only issue | work=National Catholic Reporter | date=6 October 2015 | accessdate=6 October 2015 | author=McElwee, Joshua J.}} 47. ^1 {{cite book|last=O'Rourke |first=Kevin D.|title=Medical Ethics|year=1999|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-0-87840722-4|page=199}} 48. ^1 2 {{cite news | url=http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/10/07/pope-francis-is-playing-with-house-money-in-betting-on-the-2015-synod/ | title=Pope Francis is playing with house money in betting on the 2015 Synod | work=Crux | date=7 October 2015 | accessdate=7 October 2015 | last = Allen, Jr. | first = John L. }} 49. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news | url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-j-reid-jr/lets-banish-talk-about-intrinsic-disorder_b_4174863.html| title = Let’s Banish Talk About ‘Intrinsic Disorder’ | first = Charles J. | last = Reid, Jr. | date = October 30, 2013 | accessdate = July 18, 2018 | publisher = Huffington Post }} 50. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2014/10/13/0751/03037.html| title = Eleventh General Assembly: "Relatio post disceptationem" of the General Rapporteur| last = Erdő| first = Péter| date = 13 October 2014 | accessdate = 27 October 2014| authorlink = Péter Erdő|publisher=Holy See Press Office}} 51. ^1 2 {{cite news | url = http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/10/20/why-the-synod-of-bishops-is-more-than-rockem-sockem-robots/ | title =Why the Synod of Bishops is more than Rock’em Sock’em Robots |last = Allen, Jr. |first = John L. | accessdate = 20 October 2015 | date = 20 October 2015 | work = Crux }} 52. ^1 {{cite news| url = http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2014/10/13/vatican-stuns-catholic-world-with-greater-openness-toward-gays-and-lesbians/| title = Vatican stuns Catholic world with greater openness toward gays and lesbians| first = Josephine| last = Mckenna| date = 13 October 2014| accessdate = 20 October 2014| work = Crux}} 53. ^1 {{cite news | publisher = Catholic News Agency | first = Anian | last = Wimmer | date = February 7, 2018 | title = Cardinal Marx discusses blessings for same-sex couples | url = https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/cardinal-marx-endorses-blessing-ceremonies-for-same-sex-couples-40772}} References{{reflist| refs=[33][34][36][37][38][39][40][42][43][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]}} 1 : Sexuality in Catholicism |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。