| 词条 | William Robertson (historian) |
| 释义 |
| name = William Robertson | honorific_suffix =FRSE FSA Scot | image = WilliamRobertsonColour.jpg | alt = | caption = William Robertson (1721-93) | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1721|09|19|df=yes}} | birth_place = Borthwick, Midlothian, | death_date = {{Death date and age|1793|06|11|1721|09|19|df=yes}} | death_place = Edinburgh | nationality = Scottish | education = Dalkeith Grammar School | alma_mater = University of Edinburgh | other_names = | occupation = | known_for = Principal of the University of Edinburgh; Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland; Historiographer Royal }}William Robertson FRSE FSA Scot (19 September 1721 – 11 June 1793) was a Scottish historian, minister in the Church of Scotland, and Principal of the University of Edinburgh. "The thirty years during which [he] presided over the University perhaps represent the highest point in its history."[1] He made significant contributions to the writing of Scottish history and the history of Spain and Spanish America.[2] He was Chaplain of Stirling Castle and one of the King's Chaplains in Scotland. Early lifeRobertson was born at the manse of Borthwick, Midlothian, the son of Robertson, the local minister.[3] He was educated at Borthwick Parish School and Dalkeith Grammar School. He was the son of William Robertson and his wife Eleanor Pitcairn. The family moved to Edinburgh when his father became appointed minister of Old Greyfriars Kirk. He studied divinity at Edinburgh University (1733–41), and was licensed to preach in 1741. He was granted a Doctor of Divinity in 1759.[4] The educationalist and writer James Burgh, who founded a dissenting academy on the outskirts of London, was his cousin, describing him as his "much esteemed friend and relation".[5] CareerHe became minister at Gladsmuir (East Lothian) in 1743 and in 1759 at Lady Yester's Kirk and Greyfriars Kirk in Edinburgh. A staunch Presbyterian and Whig, he volunteered to defend the city against the Jacobites led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart in 1745. In 1754 he was an original member of The Select Society, also referred to as the Edinburgh Select Society.[6] Robertson became royal chaplain to George III (1761), principal of the University of Edinburgh (1762), Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1763, and Historiographer Royal in 1764, reviving a role within the Royal household in Scotland that had been in abeyance from 1709 until 1763. He was also a member of The Poker Club.[7] WritingsOne of his most notable works is his History of Scotland 1542–1603, begun in 1753 and first published in 1759.[8] Robertson also contributed, not always fortunately[9], to the history of Spain and Spanish America in his History of America (1777), "the first sustained attempt to describe the discovery, conquest and settlement of Spanish America since Herrera's Décadas[10] and his biography of Charles V. In that work he had "provided a masterly survey of the progress of European society, in which he traced the erosion of the 'feudal system' caused by the rise of free towns, the revival of learning and Roman law, and by the emergence of royal authority and the balance of power between states. It was the development of commerce, assisted by law and private property, which was held to be chiefly responsible for the advance in civilisation."[11] Later lifeHe was a significant figure in the Scottish Enlightenment and also of the moderates in the Church of Scotland.[12] In 1783 he was a founding member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He died of jaundice[13] on 11 June 1793, at Grange House in south Edinburgh (the huge now-demolished mansion which gave its name to the Grange district.[14] Robertson is buried at Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh. The grave is within a very large stone mausoleum. second only to William Adam's mausoleum immediately to the south. Both stand to the south-west of the church, near the entrance to the Covenanters Prison. LegacyHe gives his name to the William Robertson Building of the Old Medical School buildings at the University of Edinburgh on Teviot Place, home to the School of History, Classics and Archaeology. FamilyRobertson married his cousin Mary Nisbet in 1751. They had three sons, all of whom are buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in individual plots behind their father's mausoleum:
One of his daughters, Mary, married the author Patrick Brydone FRSE.[15] In 1778 another daughter, Eleanora (or Eleanor) Robertson, married John Russell WS FRSE (1753-1792), a Director of the Royal Bank of Scotland. Their children included John Russell WS FRSE (1780-1862), Principal Clerk of Session.[16] He was great uncle to Dr William Robertson FRSE (1818-1882). Publications
References1. ^Horn, D. B., A Short History of the University of Edinburgh: 1556–1889, 1967, p.76 2. ^R.A. Humphreys, William Robertson and his History of America. London 1954. 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/371|title=Collection: Certificates, Diplomas etc of Principal William Robertson {{!}} University of Edinburgh Archive and Manuscript Collections|website=archives.collections.ed.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-10-11}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1 = Waterston |first1 = Charles D |last2 = Macmillan Shearer |first2 = A |title = Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002: Biographical Index |url = http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf |accessdate = 29 September 2010 |volume = II |date = July 2006 |publisher = The Royal Society of Edinburgh |location = Edinburgh |isbn = 978-0-902198-84-5 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061004113303/http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf |archivedate = 4 October 2006 |df = dmy-all}} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Burgh, James (1714–1775), educationist and author {{!}} Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-3992 |accessdate=5 March 2019 |language=en}} 6. ^https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jamesboswell.info/Misc/The_Poker_Club.php |title=The Poker Club | James Boswell .info|publisher=jamesboswell.info|accessdate=16 August 2016}} 8. ^David J. Womersley, "The historical writings of William Robertson". Journal of the History of Ideas (1986): 497-506. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709666 in JSTOR] 9. ^See John L. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, New York: Dover Publications, 1969, v. I, p. 97 (first published in 1841), which quotes Robertson's History of America, the "houses of the people [of pre-conquest Mexico] were mere huts, built with turf, or mud, or the branches of trees," and "there is not, in all the extent of that vast empire, a single monument or vestige of any building more ancient that the conquest." 10. ^David Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State 1492–1867. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 432. 11. ^Brading, The First America, p. 433. 12. ^Shefr, R. B., Church and Society in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh, Princeton, 1985. 13. ^https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/371 14. ^https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf 15. ^https://www.geni.com/people/Dr-William-Robertson/6000000005027025912 16. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}} Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote}}
18 : Principals of the University of Edinburgh|Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland|People from Midlothian|Scottish historians|Academics of the University of Edinburgh|Alumni of the University of Edinburgh|1721 births|1793 deaths|Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard|Members of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh|Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|Ministers of the Church of Scotland|Whig (British political party) politicians|Historians of Scotland|18th-century Scottish people|18th-century British historians|British Hispanists|Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |
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