1. History
    Founding  Incorporation of Williamsburgh  Incorporation into the Eastern District  Incorporation into New York City  Gentrification and 2005 rezoning  Landmarked buildings 

2. Culture, neighborhoods and lifestyles
    Ethnic communities  Hasidic Jewish community  Italian-American community and Our Lady of Mount Carmel  Puerto Rican and Dominican community  Ethnic and intercultural tensions  Arts community  Visual arts  Musical community  Theatre and cinema  Effects of gentrification  Effect on borough's court system 

3. Demographics

4. Police and crime

5. Fire safety

6. Health

7. Post offices and ZIP codes

8. Education
     Schools    Libraries  

9. Transportation

10. Environmental concerns
      Brooklyn Navy Yard incinerator plan   Bushwick Inlet Park site 

11. Notable residents
      Haredi Rabbis    Williamsburg Developers 

12. In popular culture

13. See also

14. References

15. External links

Since the late 1990s, Williamsburg has undergone gentrification characterized by a contemporary art scene, hipster culture, and vibrant nightlife that has projected its image internationally as a "Little Berlin".^[3] During the early 2000s, the neighborhood became a center for indie rock and electroclash.^[4] Numerous ethnic groups still inhabit enclaves within the neighborhood, including Italians, Jews, Hispanics, Poles, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans.

Williamsburg is part of Brooklyn Community District 1 and its primary ZIP Codes are 11211 and 11206.^[1] It is patrolled by the 90th and 94th Precincts of the New York City Police Department.^[9][10] Politically it is represented by the New York City Council's 33rd District, which represents the western and southern parts of the neighborhood, and the 34th District, which represents the eastern part.^[5]

History

Founding

In 1638, the Dutch West India Company purchased the area's land from the Lenape Native Americans who occupied the area. In 1661, the company chartered the Town of Boswijck, including land that would later become Williamsburg. After the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664, the town's name was anglicized to Bushwick. During colonial times, villagers called the area "Bushwick Shore". This name lasted for about 140 years. Bushwick Shore was cut off from the other villages in Bushwick by Bushwick Creek to the north and by Cripplebush, a region of thick, boggy shrub land which extended from Wallabout Creek to Newtown Creek, to the south and east. Bushwick residents called Bushwick Shore "the Strand".^[6]

Farmers and gardeners from the other Bushwick villages sent their goods to Bushwick Shore to be ferried across the East River to New York City for sale via a market at present day Grand Street. Bushwick Shore's favorable location close to New York City led to the creation of several farming developments. In 1802, real estate speculator Richard M. Woodhull acquired 13 acres (53,000 m²) near what would become Metropolitan Avenue, then North 2nd Street. He had Colonel Jonathan Williams, a U.S. Engineer, survey the property, and named it Williamsburgh (with an h at the end) in his honor. Originally a {{convert|13|acre|m2|adj=on}} development within Bushwick Shore, Williamsburg rapidly expanded during the first half of the nineteenth century and eventually seceded from Bushwick and formed its own independent city.^[6]

Incorporation of Williamsburgh

Williamsburg was incorporated as the Village of Williamsburgh within the Town of Bushwick in 1827. In two years it had a fire company, a post office and a population of over 1,000. The deep drafts along the East River encouraged industrialists, many from Germany, to build shipyards around Williamsburg. Raw material was shipped in, and finished products were sent out of factories straight to the docks. Several sugar barons built processing refineries. Now all are gone except the now-defunct Domino Sugar (formerly Havemeyer & Elder). Other important industries included shipbuilding and brewing.

On April 18, 1835, the Village of Williamsburg annexed a portion of the Town of Bushwick. The Village then consisted of three districts. The first district was commonly called the "South Side"; the second district was called the "North Side", and the third district was called the "New Village".^[7] The names "North Side" and "South Side" remain in common usage today, but the name for the Third District has changed often. The New Village became populated by Germans and for a time was known by the sobriquet of "Dutchtown".^[7] In 1845, the population of Williamsburgh was 11,500.^[8]

Reflecting its increasing urbanization, Williamsburg separated from Bushwick as the Town of Williamsburg in 1840. It became the City of Williamsburg (discarding the "h") in 1852, which was organized into three wards. The old First Ward roughly coincides with the South Side and the Second Ward with the North Side, with the modern boundary at Grand Street. The Third Ward was to the east of these, stretching from Union Avenue east to Bushwick Avenue beyond which is Bushwick (some of which is now called East Williamsburg).

Incorporation into the Eastern District

In 1855, the City of Williamsburg, along with the adjoining Town of Bushwick, were annexed into the City of Brooklyn as the so-called Eastern District. The First Ward of Williamsburg became Brooklyn's 13th Ward, the Second Ward Brooklyn's 14th Ward, and the Third Ward Brooklyn's 15th and 16th Wards.^[9]

During its period as part of Brooklyn's Eastern District, the area achieved remarkable industrial, cultural, and economic growth, and local businesses thrived. Wealthy New Yorkers such as Cornelius Vanderbilt and railroad magnate Jubilee Jim Fisk built shore-side mansions. Charles Pratt and his family founded the Pratt Institute, the great school of art & architecture, and the Astral Oil Works, which later became part of Standard Oil. Corning Glass Works was founded here before moving upstate to Corning, New York. German immigrant, chemist Charles Pfizer founded Pfizer Pharmaceutical in Williamsburg, and the company maintained an industrial plant in the neighborhood through 2007, although its headquarters were moved to Manhattan in the 1960s.^[10][11]

Brooklyn's Broadway, ending in the ferry to Manhattan, became the area's lifeline. The area proved popular for condiment and household product manufacturers. Factories for Domino Sugar, Esquire Shoe Polish, Dutch Mustard and many others were established in the late 19th and early 20th century.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Many of these factory buildings are now being (or already have been) converted to non-industrial uses, primarily residential.

The population was at first heavily German, but many Jews from the Lower East side of Manhattan came to the area after the completion of the Williamsburg Bridge in 1903. Williamsburg had two major community banks: the Williamsburgh Savings Bank (chartered 1851, since absorbed by HSBC) and its rival the Dime Savings Bank of Williamsburgh (chartered 1864, now known as the DIME, has remained independent). The area around the Peter Luger Steak House, established in 1887, in the predominantly German neighborhood under the Williamsburg Bridge, was a major banking hub until the City of Brooklyn united with New York City.^[12] One of the early high schools in Brooklyn, the Eastern District High School, opened here in February 1900.^[13][14]

Incorporation into New York City

In 1898, Brooklyn became one of five boroughs within the City of Greater New York, and the Williamsburg neighborhood was opened to closer connections with the rest of the newly consolidated city. Just five years later, the opening of the Williamsburg Bridge in 1903 further opened up the community to thousands of upwardly mobile immigrants and second-generation Americans fleeing the overcrowded slum tenements of Manhattan's Lower East Side.^[15] Williamsburg itself soon became the most densely populated neighborhood in New York City, which in turn was the most densely populated city in the United States.^[16] The novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn addresses a young girl growing up in the tenements of Williamsburg during this era.

Brooklyn Union Gas in the early 20th century consolidated its coal gas production to Williamsburg at 370 Vandervoort Avenue, closing the Gowanus Canal gasworks. The 1970s energy crisis led the company to build a syngas factory. Late in the century, facilities were built to import liquefied natural gas from overseas. The intersection of Broadway, Flushing Avenue, and Graham Avenue was a cross-roads for many "interurbans", prior to World War I. These light rail trolleys ran from Long Island to Williamsburg.

Refugees from war-torn Europe began to stream into Brooklyn during and after World War II, including the Hasidim whose populations had been devastated in the Holocaust. The area south of Division Avenue became home to a large population of adherents to the Satmar Hasidic sect who came to the area from Hungary and Romania.^[17] Hispanics from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic also began to settle in the area. But the population explosion was eventually confronted with a decline of heavy industry, and from the 1960s, Williamsburg saw a marked increase in unemployment, crime, gang activity, and illegal drug use. Those who were able to move out often did, and the area became chiefly known for its crime and other social ills.^[18][19]

On February 3, 1971, at 10:42 p.m., police officer Frank Serpico was shot during a drug bust, during a stakeout at 778 Driggs Avenue.^[20] Serpico had been one of the driving forces in the creation of the Knapp Commission, which exposed widespread police corruption. His fellow officers failed to call for assistance, and he was rushed to Greenpoint Hospital only when an elderly neighbor called the police. The incident was later dramatized in the opening scene of the 1973 film Serpico, starring Al Pacino in the title role.^[21]

Gentrification and 2005 rezoning

Low rents were a major reason artists first started settling in the area, but that situation has drastically changed since the mid-1990s. Average rents in Williamsburg can range from approximately $1400 for a studio apartment to $1,600–2,400 for a one-bedroom and $2,600–4,000 for a two-bedroom. The price of land in Willamsburg has skyrocketed.^[22] The North Side, above Grand Street, which separates the North Side from the South Side, is somewhat more expensive due to its proximity to the New York City Subway (specifically, the {{NYCS trains|Canarsie}} and {{NYCS trains|Crosstown}} on the BMT Canarsie Line and IND Crosstown Line, respectively). More recent gentrification and the route of the M train (whose route was modified to go from the downtown BMT Nassau Street Line to the midtown IND Sixth Avenue Line in 2010), however, have prompted increases in rents south of Grand Street as well. Higher rents have driven out many bohemians and hipsters to other neighborhoods farther afield such as Bushwick, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Fort Greene, Clinton Hill, Cobble Hill, and Red Hook.^[23][24][25]

On May 11, 2005, the New York City Council passed a large-scale rezoning of the North Side and Greenpoint waterfront.^[26] Much of the waterfront district was rezoned to accommodate mixed-use high density residential buildings with a set-aside (but no earmarked funding) for public waterfront park space, with strict building guidelines calling for developers to create a continuous two-mile-long string of waterfront esplanades. Local elected officials touted the rezoning as an economically beneficial way to address the decline of manufacturing along the North Brooklyn waterfront, which had resulted in a number of vacant and derelict warehouses in Williamsburg.

The rezoning represented a dramatic shift of scale in the ongoing process of gentrification in the area since the early 1990s. The waterfront neighborhoods, once characterized by active manufacturing and other light industry interspersed with smaller residential buildings, were re-zoned primarily for residential use. Alongside the construction of new residential buildings, many warehouses were converted into residential loft buildings. Among the first was the Smith-Gray Building, a turn-of-the-century structure recognizable by its blue cast-iron facade. The conversion of the former Gretsch music instrument factory garnered significant attention and controversy in the New York press primarily because it heralded the arrival in Williamsburg of Tribeca-style lofts and attracted, as residents and investors, a number of celebrities.^{[27][28][29][30]}

Officials championing the rezoning cited its economic benefits, the new waterfront promenades, and its inclusionary housing component – which offered developers large tax breaks in exchange for promises to rent about a third of the new housing units at "affordable" rates. Critics countered that similar set-asides for affordable housing have gone unfulfilled in previous large-scale developments, such as Battery Park City. The New York Times reported this proved to be the case in Williamsburg as well, as developers largely decided to forgo incentives to build affordable housing in inland areas.^[31]

Landmarked buildings

The Kings County Savings Institution was chartered on April 10, 1860. It conducted business in a building called Washington Hall until it purchased the lot on the corner of Bedford Avenue and Broadway. There, it erected its permanent home, now known as the Kings County Savings Bank building. It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980 and was the seventh building to be landmarked in New York City in 1966. "The Kings County Savings Bank is an outstanding example of French Second Empire architecture, displaying a wealth of ornament and diverse architectural elements. A business building of imposing grandeur, the Kings County Savings Bank "represents a period of conspicuous display in which it was not considered vulgar, at least by the people in power, to boast openly of one's wealth. From its scale and general character there is nothing, on the outside, that would distinguish the Kings County Savings Bank from a millionaires mansion.^[32]

The Williamsburg Houses were designated a landmark by the Landmarks Preservation Commission on June 24, 2003.^[33] The {{convert|23.3|acre|m2|adj=on}} site was the first large-scale public housing in Brooklyn.

The modern architecture buildings were designed by William Lescaze, whose PSFS Building in Philadelphia was the first successful International Style building in the U.S. The project, first proposed in 1934, was a collaborative between the U.S. Public Works Administration and the newly established New York City Housing Authority. More than 25,000 New Yorkers applied for 1,622 apartments and most units were occupied by 1938. The twenty 4-story buildings are angled 15 degrees to the street grid for optimal sunlight. The structures have tan brick and exposed concrete accented by blue tile and stainless steel. The buildings were restored in the 1990s by the Housing Authority, in consultation with the Landmarks Preservation Commission.^[34]

In 2007, three buildings of the Domino Sugar Refinery were also designated New York City Landmarks. The original refinery was built in 1856, and by 1870, it processed more than half of the sugar used in the United States. A fire in 1882 caused the plant to be completely rebuilt in brick and stone, and those buildings remain, albeit with alterations made over the years. The refinery stopped operating in 2004.^[35] In 2010, a developer's plan to convert the site to residential use has received support in the New York City Council.^[36] A new plan has since been approved for the Domino Sugar Factory, led by Two Trees Management. The plan replaces a city-approved 2010 plan with a new proposal that adds 60% more publicly accessible open space on a new street grid; provides for a 24/7 mix of creative office space, market-rate and affordable housing, neighborhood retail, and community facilities; and is an innovative form of open architecture that connects the existing neighborhood to the new {{convert|0.25|mi|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} waterfront.^[37]

Culture, neighborhoods and lifestyles

The subdivisions within Williamsburg vary widely. "South Williamsburg" refers to the area which today is occupied mainly by the Yiddish-speaking Hasidim (predominantly Satmar Hasidim) and a considerable Puerto Ricans population. North of this area (with Division Street or Broadway serving as a dividing line) is an area known as "Los Sures", occupied by Puerto Ricans and Dominicans. To the north of that is the "North Side," traditionally Polish and Italian. East Williamsburg is home to many industrial spaces and forms the largely Italian American, African American, and Hispanic area between Williamsburg and Bushwick. South Williamsburg, the South Side, the North Side, Greenpoint and East Williamsburg all form Brooklyn Community Board 1. Its proximity to Manhattan has made it popular with recently arrived residents who are often referred to under the blanket term "hipster". Bedford Avenue and its subway station, as the first stop in the neighborhood on the BMT Canarsie Line (on the {{NYCS trains|Canarsie}}), have become synonymous with this new wave of residents.^[39][40][41]

Ethnic communities

Hasidic Jewish community

Williamsburg is inhabited by tens of thousands of Hasidic Jews of various groups, and contains the headquarters of one faction of the Satmar Hasidic group. Williamsburg's Satmar population numbers about 73,000.^[42]

Hasidic Jews first moved to the neighborhood in the years prior to World War II, along with many other religious and non-religious Jews who sought to escape the difficult living conditions on Manhattan's Lower East Side. Beginning in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the area received a large concentration of Holocaust survivors, many of whom were Hasidic Jews from rural areas of Hungary and Romania.^[43] These people were led by several Hasidic leaders, among them the rebbes of Satmar, Klausenberg, Vien, Pupa, Tzehlem, and Skver. In addition, Williamsburg contained sizable numbers of religious, but non-Hasidic Jews. The Rebbe of Satmar, Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, ultimately exerted the most powerful influence over the community, causing many of the non-Satmars, especially the non-Hasidim, to leave. Teitelbaum was known for his fierce anti-Zionism and for his charismatic style of leadership.^[44]

In the late 1990s, Jewish developers renovated old warehouses and factories, turning them into housing. More than 500 apartments were approved in the three-year period following 1997; soon afterward, an area near Williamsburg's border with Bedford–Stuyvesant was rezoned for affordable housing.^[53] By 1997, there were about 7,000 Hasidic families in Williamsburg, almost a third of whom took public assistance.^[45] The Hasidic community of Williamsburg has one of the highest birthrates in the country, with an average of eight children per family. Each year, the community celebrates between 800 and 900 weddings for young couples, who typically marry between the ages of 18 and 21. Because Hasidic men receive little secular education, and women tend to be homemakers, college degrees are rare, and economic opportunities lag far behind the rest of the population. In response to the almost 60% poverty rate in Jewish Williamsburg, the Metropolitan Council on Jewish Poverty, a beneficiary agency of the UJA-Federation of New York, partnered with Masbia in the opening of a 50-seat kosher soup kitchen on Lee Avenue in November 2009.^[46]

There are many households with Section 8 housing vouchers; in 2000, there were 1,394 voucher recipients in Williamsburg's nine Yiddish-speaking census tracts, but by 2014, Williamsburg had 3,296 voucher recipients within 12 Yiddish-speaking census tracts.^[53] In 2014, it was reported that Williamsburg's Jewish community had among the highest rates of applications for Section 8 housing vouchers.^[47] However, the newspaper New York Daily News doubted the legality of the applications. In 2016, the Daily News said that New York City census tracts with 30% or more of the population applying for Section 8 were present only in Williamsburg and scattered parts of the Bronx, except that Williamsburg's real estate was among the most rapidly gentrifying in the city.^[48]

With the gentrification of North Williamsburg, Hasidim have fought to retain the character of their neighborhood and have characterized the influx of what they call the artisten as a "plague" and "a bitter decree from Heaven".^[49] Tensions have risen over housing costs, loud and boisterous nightlife events, and the introduction of bike lanes along Bedford Avenue.^[50]

Italian-American community and Our Lady of Mount Carmel

A significant component of the Italian community on the North Side were immigrants from the city of Nola near Naples. Residents of Nola every summer celebrate the "Festa dei Gigli" (feast of lilies) in honor of St. Paulinus of Nola, who was bishop of Nola in the fifth century,^[51] and the immigrants brought this tradition over with them. For two weeks every summer, the streets surrounding Our Lady of Mount Carmel church, located on Havemeyer and North 8th Streets, are dedicated to a celebration of Italian culture.^[52]

The highlights of the feast are the "Giglio Sundays" when a {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=on}} tall statue, complete with band and a singer, is carried around the streets in honor of St. Paulinus and Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Clips of this awe-inspiring sight are often featured on NYC news broadcasts. A significant number of Italian-Americans still reside in the area, although the numbers have decreased over the years. Despite the fact that an increasing number of Italian-Americans have moved away, many return each summer for the feast. The Giglio was the subject of a documentary, Heaven Touches Brooklyn in July, narrated by actors John Turturro and Michael Badalucco.^[52]

Puerto Rican and Dominican community

On Williamburg's Southside, also known in Spanish as "Los Sures", which is the area south of Grand Street, there exists a sizable Puerto Ricans and Dominican population. Puerto Ricans have been coming to the area since the 1940s and the 1950s, and Dominicans came in the '70s and '80s. Many Puerto Ricans flocked to the area after World War II due to the proximity to jobs at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.^[53] The neighborhood continues to have 27% Hispanic or Latino population, and Graham Avenue between Grand Street and Broadway is known as the "Avenue of Puerto Rico". Havemeyer Street is lined with Hispanic-owned 'bodegas' and barber shops. However, even though the Southside has the highest concentration of Hispanics in the neighborhood, this population is dispersed throughout all of Williamsburg even as north as the Williamsburg-Greenpoint border.

The culture of Latinos in the neighborhood has been described as a resilient one. The Caribbean Social Club, the last remaining Puerto Rican social club in Williamsburg, preserves the neighborhood's culture;^[54] in 2013, the club was subject of a documentary called "Toñita's", named after its owner.^[55][56] The Hispanic sector as a whole was represented in another documentary called Living Los Sures, which aired at MoMA PS1 and at the Metrograph theater; the movie documents the lives of Latino residents living in 1984 Southside before gentrification.^[57]

Another such institution is the "El Puente" Community Center,^[58] as well as the "San German" record store on Graham Avenue. Graham Avenue was renamed Avenue of Puerto Rico as a symbol of pride, just as the avenue's other alternate name, Via Vespucci, is meant to commemorate the historical Italian-American community.^[59] Banco Popular de Puerto Rico has a branch on Graham Avenue. In addition, Southside United HDFC is a charity organization that helps residents with housing needs and other services, including mobilizing housing activists and residents as well as providing affordable housing.^[60] In addition to this, in the past Southside United HDFC has held Puerto Rican Heritage as well as Dominican Independence Day celebrations, and currently operates El Museo De Los Sures.^[61][62] The name El Museo De Los Sures roughly translates to "The Museum of the Southside". Williamsburg is also home to not one, but two campuses of Boricua College, the Northside campus on North 6th Street between Bedford Avenue and Driggs Avenue, as well as the East Williamburg/Bushwick campus on Graham Avenue.^[63] A place popular among Dominican-American residents is the Fula Lounge, where Merengue and Raggaeton artists from the Dominican Republic often frequent.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Lastly, once a year the Williamsburg/Bushwick community is home to its own Puerto Rican Day parade.^[64] The neighborhood has produced many prominent Latinos. Television chef Daisy Martinez, who specializes in Puerto Rican cuisine grew up in the neighborhood.^[65][66] The neighborhood also is home to the office of Congressional Representative Nydia Velazquez, who represents the neighborhood as well as other parts of Brooklyn and Manhattan in congress.^[67] In addition to this, Williamsburg was the childhood home of City Councilwoman Rosie Méndez, of Puerto Rican descent, who represents District 2 across the East River in Manhattan.^[68] As of 2013, Williamsburg itself is represented in City Council by Dominican American Antonio Reynoso.^[69][70]

Ethnic and intercultural tensions

About 2 o'clock on November 7, 1854, a riot occurred between sheriffs and "some Irishmen" at the poll of the First District at the corner of 2nd and North 6th streets in Williamsburg. It began after a deputy approached a citizen and a fight started. Immediately eight or ten deputies began freely using clubs on a group of "about one hundred Irishmen," resulting in a half-hour general fight and many injuries.^[71]

Prior to gentrification, Williamsburg often saw tension between its Hasidic population and its black and Hispanic groups. In response to decades of rising crime in the area, the Hasidim created a volunteer patrol organization called "Shomrim" ("guardians" in Hebrew) to perform citizens' arrests and to keep an eye out for crime.^[72] Over the years, the Shomrim have been accused of racism and brutality against blacks and Hispanics. In 2009, Yakov Horowitz, a member of Shomrim, was charged with assault for striking a Latino adolescent on the nose with his Walkie Talkie.^[73] In 2014, five members of the Hasidic community, at least two of whom were Shomrim members, were arrested in connection with the December 2013 "gang assault" of a black gay man.^[74]

The mid-century tension between the Hasidic and Modern Orthodox Jewish communities in Williamsburg was depicted in Chaim Potok's novels The Chosen (1967), The Promise, and My Name Is Asher Lev.^[75] One contemporary female perspective on life in the Satmar community in Williamsburg is offered by Deborah Feldman's autobiographical Unorthodox: The Scandalous Rejection of My Hasidic Roots.^[76]

Arts community

Visual arts

The first artists moved to Williamsburg in the 1970s, drawn by the low rents, large floor area, and convenient transportation. This continued through the 1980s and increased significantly in the 1990s as earlier destinations such as SoHo and the East Village became gentrified. The community was small at first, but by 1996 Williamsburg had accumulated an artist population of about 3,000.^[77] Art galleries in the area include the Front Room Gallery. Williamsburg and Greenpoint are served by a monthly galleries listings magazine, wagmag.

In September 2000, 11211 Magazine, created by writer Breuk Iversen,^[78] launched a four color glossy circulating 10,000 copies in Brooklyn and Manhattan, intent on promoting the area from a design firm in Manhattan. A year later, the firm moved to Williamsburg. The content was richly focused on the historical and notable properties, arts and culture and real estate development of the 11211 ZIP code. The bi-monthly was funded by advertisements from local businesses and founded by writer and designer, Breuk Iversen. Other publications attributed to 11211 Magazine: Fortnight, The Box Map (2002), Appetite, and 10003 Magazine for the East Village in New York City. The magazine had published 36 issues (548,000 copies) of 11211 over a six-year period, and ceased circulation in 2006.

Musical community

Williamsburg has become a notable home for live music and an incubator for new bands. Beginning in the late 1980s, and through the late 1990s, a number of unlicensed performance, theater, and music venues operated in abandoned industrial buildings and other spaces in the streets.^[79] A new culture has evolved in the area surrounding Bedford Avenue subway station.^[80] The Bog, Keep Refrigerated, The Lizard's Tail, Quiet Life, Rubulad, Flux Factory, Mighty Robot, free103point9 and others attracted a mix of artists, musicians and urban underground for late night music, dance, and performance events, which were occasionally interrupted and the venues temporarily closed by the fire department.^[81] These events eventually diminished in number as the rents rose in the area and regulations were enforced.^[82][83]

There are a number of smaller, fleeting spaces,^[84] including Todd P.,^[85] Dot Dash,^[86] Twisted Ones,^[87] and Rubulad.^[84] Many legitimate commercial music venues opened in the neighborhood including Pete's Candy Store,^[88] Union Pool,^[89] Music Hall of Williamsburg (formerly Northsix), Public Assembly (formerly Galapagos, now closed), Cameo Gallery, Muchmore's, and Grand Victory. Several Manhattan-based venues also opened locations, including Bowery Presents (who bought Northsix and transformed it to Music Hall of Williamsburg), Luna Lounge, Knitting Factory, and Cake Shop. In the summers of 2006, 2007, and 2008, events including concerts, movies, and dance performances were staged at the previously abandoned pool at McCarren Park in Greenpoint. Starting 2009, these pool parties are now held at the Williamsburg waterfront.^[90]

The neighborhood has also attracted a respectable funk, soul and worldbeat music scene spearheaded by labels such as Daptone and Truth & Soul Records – and fronted by acts such as the Antibalas Afrobeat Orchestra and Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings. Jazz and World Music has found a foothold, with classic jazz full-time at restaurant venues like Zebulon and Moto, and – on the more avant and noise side – at spots like the Lucky Cat, B.P.M., Monkeytown (closed in 2010),^[91] and Eat Records. A Latin Jazz community continues amongst the Caribbean community in Southside and East Williamsburg, centered around the many social clubs in the neighborhood. In the early 2000s, the neighborhood also became a center of electroclash.^[92] Friday and Saturday parties at Club Luxx (now Trash) introduced electronic acts like W.I.T., A.R.E. Weapons, Fischerspooner, and Scissor Sisters.^[93]

Theatre and cinema

Williamsburg contains indie theater spaces such as the Brick Theater and the Charlie Pineapple Theater. The Williamsburg Independent Film Festival was founded in 2010.^[94][95][96] Williamsburg also contains the first-run multiplex theater known as Williamsburg Cinemas, which opened on December 19, 2012.^[97]

Effects of gentrification

Low rents were a major reason artists first started settling in the area, but that situation has drastically changed since the mid-1990s. Average rents in Williamsburg can range from approximately $1,400 for a studio apartment to $1,600–2,400 for a one-bedroom and $2,600–4,000 for a two-bedroom. The price of land in Williamsburg has skyrocketed.^[22] The North Side, above Grand Street, which separates the North Side from the South Side, is somewhat more expensive due to its proximity to the New York City Subway (specifically, the {{NYCS trains|Canarsie}} and {{NYCS trains|Crosstown}} on the BMT Canarsie Line and IND Crosstown Line, respectively).

More recent gentrification and the route of the M train (whose route was modified to go from the downtown BMT Nassau Street Line to the midtown IND Sixth Avenue Line in 2010), however, have prompted increases in rent prices south of Grand Street as well. Higher rents have driven many priced-out bohemians and hipsters to find new creative communities further afield in areas like Bushwick, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Fort Greene, Clinton Hill, Cobble Hill, and Red Hook.^[23][24][25]

On July 1, 2011, the United States Postal Service (USPS) rezoned the 11211 zip code due to a "large increase in population and in the number of companies doing business in our area."^[98]

Williamsburg's recent gentrification is the subject of Princeton University film professor Su Friedrich's 2013 documentary Gut Renovation.^[99]

Effect on borough's court system

In June 2014, the New York Post reported that northwestern Brooklyn's change to a wealthier, more educated population, especially in Williamsburg, has led to an increasing number of convictions against defendants in the borough's criminal cases, as well as to reductions in plaintiff's awards in civil cases. Brooklyn defense lawyer Julie Clark said that these new jurors are "much more trusting of police". Another lawyer, Arthur Aidala said:

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Williamsburg was 32,926, an increase of 657 (2.0%) from the 32,269 counted in 2000. Covering an area of {{convert|266.08|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{convert|123.7|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.^[101]

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 86.2% (28,366) White, 2.4% (793) African American, 0.1% (29) Native American, 0.1% (48) Asian, 0.0% (2) Pacific Islander, 0.2% (77) from other races, and 0.5% (152) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.5% (3,459) of the population.^[102]

The entirety of Community Board 1, which comprises Greenpoint and Williamsburg, had 199,190 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.1 years.^[103]{{Rp|2, 20}} This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.^[104]{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}}^[105] Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 23% are between the ages of 0–17, 41% between 25–44, and 17% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 9% respectively.^[103]{{Rp|2}}

As of 2016, the median household income in Community Board 1 was $76,608.^[106] In 2018, an estimated 17% of Greenpoint and Williamsburg residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. Less than one in fifteen residents (6%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Greenpoint and Williamsburg, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Greenpoint and Williamsburg are considered to be gentrifying.^[103]{{Rp|7}}

Police and crime

The majority of Williamsburg is patrolled by the 90th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 211 Union Avenue,^[107] while the northernmost section of Williamsburg falls under the 94th Precinct, located at 100 Meserole Avenue.^[108] The 90th Precinct ranked 47th safest out of 69 city precincts for per-capita crime in 2010,^[109] and the 94th Precinct ranked 50th safest for per-capita crime.^[110] With a non-fatal assault rate of 34 per 100,000 people, Greenpoint and Williamsburg's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 305 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.^[103]{{Rp|8}}

The 90th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 72.3% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct saw 4 murders, 16 rapes, 198 robberies, 237 felony assaults, 229 burglaries, 720 grand larcenies, and 90 grand larcenies auto in 2018.^[111] The 94th Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 72.9% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct saw 1 murder, 6 rapes, 63 robberies, 115 felony assaults, 141 burglaries, 535 grand larcenies, and 62 grand larcenies auto in 2018.^[112]

Fire safety

The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates four fire stations in Williamsburg:^[113]

• Engine Co. 211/Ladder Co. 119 – 26 Hooper Street^[114]
• Engine Co. 216/Ladder Co. 108/Battalion 35 – 187 Union Avenue^[115]
• Engine Co. 221/Ladder Co. 104 – 161 South 2nd Street^[116]
• Engine Co. 229/Ladder Co. 146 – 75 Richardson Street^[117]

Health

Preterm and teenage births are less common in Greenpoint and Williamsburg than in other places citywide. In Greenpoint and Williamsburg, there were 54 preterm births per 1,000 live births (the lowest in the city, compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 16.0 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).^[103]{{Rp|11}} Greenpoint and Williamsburg has a relatively low population of residents who are uninsured, or who receive healthcare through Medicaid.^[118] In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 7%, which is lower than the citywide rate of 12%.^[103]{{Rp|14}}

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Greenpoint and Williamsburg is {{convert|0.0096|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, higher than the citywide and boroughwide averages.^[103]{{Rp|9}} Seventeen percent of Greenpoint and Williamsburg residents are smokers, which is slightly higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.^[103]{{Rp|13}} In Greenpoint and Williamsburg, 23% of residents are obese, 11% are diabetic, and 25% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.^[103]{{Rp|16}} In addition, 23% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.^[103]{{Rp|12}}

Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is greater than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 79% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," more than the city's average of 78%.^[103]{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in Greenpoint and Williamsburg, there are 25 bodegas.^[103]{{Rp|10}}

There are several medical clinics in Williamsburg. The nearest large hospital is Woodhull Medical Center, on Williamsburg's southern border with Bedford–Stuyvesant.^[118]

Post offices and ZIP codes

Williamsburg is covered by three ZIP Codes. Most of the neighborhood is in 11211, though the southeastern portion is in 11206, and the far western portion along the East River is in 11249.^[119] The United States Postal Service operates two post offices in Williamsburg: the Williamsburg Station at 263 South 4th Street,^[120] and the Metropolitan Station at 47 Debevoise Street.^[121]

Education

Greenpoint and Williamsburg generally has a higher ratio of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. Half of the population (50%) has a college education or higher, 17% have less than a high school education and 33% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher.^[103]{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Greenpoint and Williamsburg students excelling in reading and math has been increasing, with reading achievement rising from 35 percent in 2000 to 40 percent in 2011, and math achievement rising from 29 percent to 50 percent within the same time period.^[122]

Greenpoint and Williamsburg's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is slightly higher than the rest of New York City. In Greenpoint and Williamsburg, 21% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students.^[104]{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}^[103]{{Rp|6}} Additionally, 77% of high school students in Greenpoint and Williamsburg graduate on time, higher than the citywide average of 75% of students.^[103]{{Rp|6}}

Schools

The New York City Department of Education operates public noncharter schools. It is covered by District 14. Public elementary schools in Williamsbug include: PS 16 (Leonard Dunkly); PS 17 (Henry D. Woodworth); PS 18 (Edward Bush); PS 19 (Roberto Clemente); PS 84 (Jose de Diego); PS 132 (Conselyea); PS 250 (George H. Lindsay - the Williamsburg Magnet School For Communication and Multimedia Arts); PS 257 (John F. Hylan); PS 319 (Walter Nowinski); PS 380 (John Wayne Elementary); and PS 147 (Isaac Remsen), an empowerment school.

Public middle and high schools include Brooklyn Latin School and IS 318 (Eugenio Maria De Hostos). The Grand Street Campus (formerly Eastern District High School) contains the High School of Enterprise, Business, & Technology (EBT), Progress High School for Professional Careers, High School for Legal Studies. The Harry Van Arsdale Educational Complex houses three small high schools that offer academics, and a curriculum and faculty for their special needs populations: Williamsburg High School for Architecture and Design, Williamsburg Preparatory School, Brooklyn Preparatory High School. The Young Women's Leadership School of Brooklyn aims to instill qualities of leadership in girls. There are several bilingual public schools in Williamsburg, including PS 84 (Jose De Diego, a Spanish-English program), PS 110 (The Monitor school, offering French-English), and Juan Morel Campos Secondary School, with Yiddish-English.

Other schools in Williamsburg include El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice^[123] and the Ethical Community Charter School. Success Academy Williamsburg opened in August 2012.^[124][125]

It is a public charter school.

Williamsburg Collegiate Charter School, a consistently top-performing charter school^[126] in New York City, is located on the South side.

Williamsburg Northside Schools are three Reggio Emilia-inspired schools that have three distinct programs within three locations: Infant and Toddler Center, Williamsburg Northside Preschool, and Williamsburg Northside Lower School.

Libraries

The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) has two branches in Williamsburg. The Williamsburgh branch is located at 240 Division Avenue near Marcy Avenue. It is housed in a {{Convert|26,000|ft2|m2|abbr=|adj=on}} Carnegie library structure that is one of Brooklyn's largest circulating-library buildings, and is a New York City designated landmark.^[127] The Leonard branch is located at 81 Devoe Street near Leonard Street. It is located in a {{Convert|26,000|ft2|m2|abbr=|adj=on}} building that opened in 1908. The Leonard branch contains a tribute to Betty Smith, the author of the novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, whose main character Francie frequently visited the library.^[128]

Transportation

Williamsburg is served by several New York City Subway routes. There are three physical lines through the neighborhood: the BMT Canarsie Line ({{NYCS trains|Canarsie}}) on the north, the BMT Jamaica Line ({{NYCS trains|Jamaica west}}) on the south, and the IND Crosstown Line ({{NYCS trains|Crosstown}}) on the east.^[129] The Williamsburg Bridge crosses the East River to the Lower East Side. Williamsburg is also served by the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway. Several bus routes, including the {{NYC bus link|B24|B32|B39|B44|B44 SBS|B46|B60|Q54|Q59|prose=y}} terminate at the Williamsburg Bridge/Washington Plaza. Other bus lines that run through the neighborhood include the {{NYC bus link|B43|B48|B62|B67|prose=y}}.^[130]

In June 2011, NY Waterway started service to points along the East River.^[131] On May 1, 2017, that route became part of the NYC Ferry's East River route, which runs between Pier 11/Wall Street in Manhattan's Financial District and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing in Murray Hill, Manhattan, with five intermediate stops in Brooklyn and Queens.^[132][133] Two of the East River Ferry's stops are in Williamsburg.^[134]

Environmental concerns

Brooklyn Navy Yard incinerator plan

In 1976, Mayor Abraham Beame proposed building a combined incinerator and power plant at the nearby Brooklyn Navy Yard.^[137] The project garnered large community opposition from the Latino and Hasidic Jewish residents of southern Williamsburg, located next to the site of the proposed incinerator.^[138] Though the New York City Board of Estimate narrowly gave its approval to the incinerator in 1984,^[139] the state refused to grant a permit for constructing the plant for several years, citing that the city had no recycling plan.^[140] The proposed incinerator was a key issue in the 1989 mayoral election because the Hasidic Jewish residents of Williamsburg who opposed the incinerator were also politically powerful.^[141] David Dinkins, who ultimately won the 1989 mayoral election, campaigned on the stance that the Brooklyn Navy Yard incinerator plan should be put on hold.^[142] The state denied a permit for the incinerator in 1989, stating that the city had no plan for reducing ash emissions from the plant.^[143]

The plan was placed on hold for several years, and in 1995, community members filed a lawsuit to block the incinerator's construction.^[144][145] Further investigation of the incinerator's proposed site found toxic chemicals were present in such high levels that the site qualified for Superfund environmental cleanup.^[146] The next year, the city dropped plans for the construction of the incinerator altogether.^[147]

Bushwick Inlet Park site

National Grid (formerly KeySpan) is remediating contamination at a former Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) site located at Kent

Avenue between North 11th and North 12th Streets in Williamsburg. The Remediation is being performed in conversion for the site's conversion into Bushwick Inlet Park. It is being implemented under an order of consent with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation entered into between the NYSDEC and KeySpan in February 2007.

There are also ten oil storage tanks on the site of Bushwick Inlet Park that were formerly operated by Bayside Oil.^[149] A plan unveiled in 2016, called "Maker Park", would convert the oil tankers into attractions such as a theater and hanging gardens.^{[150][183][184]} It directly conflicted with the original plan for Bushwick Inlet Park, which would see the tankers demolished.^[151][152] The city stated that the oil tankers were heavily polluted, and that the site needed to be cleaned before it could be repurposed into a park.^[153]

Notable residents

• Persis Foster Eames Albee (1836-1914) – first "Avon Lady"; moved out in 1866^[154]
• Red Auerbach (1917-2006) – former guard, NBA coach and General manager who was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame.^[155]
• Joy Behar (born 1942) – comedian and co-host of The View (born in Williamsburg)^[156]
• Mel Brooks (born 1926) – comedian (born in Williamsburg).^[157]
• Cathy Bissoon (born 1968) – United States District Court judge for the Western District of Pennsylvania.^[158]
• Steve Burns (born 1973) – former Blue's Clues host, actor, musician.^[159]
• Alexa Chung (born 1983) – English model and television presenter^[160]
• Peter Criss (born 1945) – of Kiss (childhood friend of Jerry Nolan, also a resident of Williamsburg) (born in Williamsburg).^[161]
• Raven Dennis (born 1967) - baker
• Dane DeHaan (born 1986) – actor, In Treatment, The Amazing Spider-Man 2.^[162]
• Alan Dershowitz (born 1938) – lawyer, jurist and political commentator.^[163]
• Peter Dinklage (born 1969) – actor^[164]
• Ed Droste (born 1978) – lead singer for the indie rock band, Grizzly Bear.^[165]
• Sean Durkin (born 1981) – film director.^[166]
• Will Eisner – comic artist for whom the Eisner Award is named, born and raised in Williamsburg.^[167]
• Su Friedrich (born 1954) - filmmaker and Princeton University film professor^[99]
• Peaches Geldof (1989-2014) – British model and socialite^[168]
• The Gregory Brothers – music group notable for Internet series, "Auto Tune the News"^[169]
• Randy Harrison (born 1977) – TV (Queer as Folk) and theatre actor^[170]
• Eve Hewson (born 1991), actress who appeared in the film This Must Be the Place and played Nurse Lucy Elkins in Steven Soderbergh's TV series The Knick.^[171]}
• David Karp (born 1986) – creator of Tumblr^[172]
• Zoë Kravitz (born 1988) – daughter of Lenny Kravitz^[173]
• Solly Krieger (1909-1964) – boxer^[174]
• James Lafferty (born 1985) – actor, director and producer known for role as Nathan Scott on One Tree Hill
• Leonard Lopate (born 1940) – public radio talk show host.^[175]
• Sid Luckman (1916–1998), NFL Hall of Fame football player^[176]
• Barry Manilow (born 1943) – songwriter and performer^[177]
• Bettina May (born 1979) – pin-up model and photographer^[178]
• Henry Miller (1891-1980) – novelist^[179]
• Keith Murray – singer from the band We Are Scientists^[180]
• Man Ray – artist^[181]
• Buddy Rich (1917-1987) – drummer^[182]
• Frankie Rose (born 1979) – musician
• Winona Ryder – actress^[183]
• Mikheil Saakashvili - former president of Georgia, exiled in the U.S.^[184]
• Semi Precious Weapons, including Justin Tranter – glam rock band and their frontman
• Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel – notable gangster who shaped up the Las Vegas strip (born in Williamsburg)
• Richard Sheirer – director of the New York City Office of Emergency Management (O.E.M.) during the September 11th attacks.^[185]
• Gene Simmons – member of band Kiss
• Betty Smith (1896-1972), author best known for her 1943 novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn.^[186]
• Abby Stein (born 1991), transgender activist, writer, and theorist who was born and raised in Williamsburg^[187]
• Jerry Stiller (born 1927), comedian and actor^[188]
• Stuart Subotnick (born 1942), businessman and media magnate, among America's 500 wealthiest people and on The World's Billionaires list^[189]
• Joel Teitelbaum (1887-1979), founder and first Grand Rebbe of the Satmar Hasidic dynasty.^[190]
• Moses Teitelbaum (1914-2006), Hasidic rebbe and the world leader of the Satmar Hasidim after succeeding his uncle in 1980.^[191]
• Alex Turner (born 1986) English musician and member of Arctic Monkeys^[160]
• Michael K. Williams (born 1966), film and television actor, notable for his roles in The Wire and Boardwalk Empire^[192]
• Anna Wood (born 1985), actress^[193]

Haredi Rabbis

• Reb Zecharia Dershowitz (1859 - 1921), founder of one of the first Yiddish communities in America and the first Chassidus synagogue in Williamsburg.
• Rabbi Chaim Avraham Dov Ber Levine HaCohen (1859/1860 – 1938), known as "the Malach" (lit. "the angel") was the founder of the Malachim (Hasidic group).
• Rabbi Dovid Leibowitz (1889-1941), founder of the Rabbinical Seminary of America, better known today as "Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim", as its first Rosh yeshiva in Williamsburg.
• Rabbi Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz (1886 – 1948), founder of Torah Vodaath and Torah U'Mesorah.
• Rabbi Yonasan Steif (1877–1958), rabbi of Kehal Adas Yereim in Williamsburg, which had been founded by Orthodox Jews who came from Vienna living in New York, and he was known as the Wiener Rov.
• Rabbi Yakov Yosef Twerkey (1899 - 1968), Grand Rebbe of the Skver Hasidic dynasty.
• Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, (1887-1979), founder and first Grand Rebbe of the Satmar Hasidic dynasty.^[194]
• Rabbi Eliezer Zusia Portugal (1898 - 1982), the first Skulener Rebbe
• Rabbi Yosef Greenwald (1903-1984), second Grand Rebbe of the Pupa Hasidic dynasty.^[195] He supported the making of Eruvin in his hometown^[196]
• Rabbi Yisrael Spira (1889-1989), Bluzhover Rebbe, senior member of Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah
• Rabbi Yom-Tov Ehrlich (1914–1990), renowned Hasidic musician, composer, lyricist, recording artist, and popular entertainer known for his popular Yiddish music albums. One of his most popular songs is "Williamsburg", a song about Hasidic Williamsburg during the 1950s.
• Rabbi Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam (1905 -1994), founding Rebbe of the Sanz-Klausenburg Hasidic dynasty^[197]
• Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum (1914-2006), Hasidic rebbe and the world leader of the Satmar Hasidim after succeeding his uncle in 1980.^[198]
• Rabbi Fishel Hershkowitz (1922-2017), the Haleiner Rav, a Hasidic rabbi, the senior Klausenburger dayan in Williamsburg, and respected elder in the American Orthodox community.^[199][200]
• Rabbi Mordechai Hager (1922-2018), founder and Admor of the Vizhnitz Hasidic sect of Monsey for 46 years
• Rabbi Yaakov Yechezkia Greenwald II (born 1948), present Grand Rebbe of the Pupa Hasidic sect, son of Rabbi Yosef
• Rabbi Zalman Leib Teitelbaum (born 1951), one of two Grand Rebbes of Satmar, and the third son of Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum, Grand Rabbi of Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Rodney Street, Brooklyn)

Williamsburg Developers

• Simon Dushinsky, co-owner of the New York City-based Rabsky Group with his partner, Isaac Rabinowitz
• Yoel Goldman, founder of the Brooklyn, New York-based development company, All Year Management
• Isaac Hager, founder of the New York City-based Cornell Realty Management
• Louis Kestenbaum, living in Williamsburg, real estate developer, founder and chairman of New York City-based Fortis Property Group.

For more people see Category:People from Williamsburg, Brooklyn

In popular culture

• The first three novels by Daniel Fuchs -- Summer in Williamsburg (1934), Homage to Blenholt (1936), and Low Company (1937), collectively known as "The Williamsburg Trilogy" or "The Brooklyn Novels"—are set primarily in Williamsburg or its immediate vicinity.^[201]
• The 1943 novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn takes place in Williamsburg in the 1910s.^[202]
• The 1967 book The Chosen by Chaim Potok, is set in 1940s Williamsburg. The book was made into a film in 1981.^[203]

• Once Upon a Time in America (1984) begins in Williamsburg and includes scenes shot in Williamsburg, though the focus of the story was Manhattan's Lower East Side in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1960s.^[204]
• The 1988 movie Coming to America was primarily filmed on South 5th Street in Williamsburg despite being set in Queens.^[205]
• The episode "Walk Like a Man" of The Sopranos, aired 2007, features a scene shot in Williamsburg.^[206]
• The sitcom 2 Broke Girls (2011–2017) is set in Williamsburg.^[207]
• A large part of the TV series Younger was filmed in Williamsburg.^[208]
• Parts of Daredevil were filmed in Williamsburg, Greenpoint, and Bushwick, all passing for Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan.^[209]

• New Jersey emo band Armor for Sleep's third album Smile for Them featured the single "Williamsburg", which mocks the hipsters that call the neighborhood home.^[210]
• Kany García filmed her music video for her song "Feliz" in Williamsburg.^[211]

See also

• List of Brooklyn neighborhoods
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn
• Opportunities for a Better Tomorrow

References

External links

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051130041408/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2003nhp-brooklynk.pdf Williamsburg Health Study – NYC Dept. of Health Neighborhood Profile]

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