| 词条 | William Scoresby |
| 释义 |
| name = William Scoresby | image = William Scoresby.jpg | image_size = 150px | caption = William Scoresby | birth_date = 5 October 1789 | birth_place = Cropton, near Pickering, Yorkshire | death_date = {{d-da|21 March 1857|5 October 1789}} | death_place = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = English | alma_mater = Queens' College, Cambridge Edinburgh University | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = Arctic | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | signature = | footnotes = | ethnicity = | field = Exploration | work_institutions = | prizes = | religion = }} Rev Dr William Scoresby FRS FRSE DD (5 October 1789 – 21 March 1857), was an English Arctic explorer, scientist and clergyman. Early yearsScoresby was born in the village of Cropton near Pickering 26 miles south-west of Whitby in Yorkshire. His father, William Scoresby (1760–1829), made a fortune in the Arctic whale fishery and was also the inventor of the barrel crow's nest. The son made his first voyage with his father at the age of eleven, but then returned to school, where he remained until 1803. After this he became his father's constant companion, and accompanied him as chief officer of the whaler Resolution when on 25 May 1806, he succeeded in reaching 81°30' N. lat. (19° E. long), for twenty-one years the highest northern latitude attained in the eastern hemisphere. During the following winter, Scoresby attended the natural philosophy and chemistry classes at Edinburgh University, and again in 1809. CareerIn his voyage of 1807, Scoresby began the study of the meteorology and natural history of the polar regions. Earlier results included his original observations on snow and crystals; and in 1809 Robert Jameson brought certain Arctic papers of his before the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh, which at once elected him to its membership. In 1811, Scoresby's father resigned to him the command of the Resolution. In the same year he married the daughter of a Whitby shipbroker. In his voyage of 1813, he established for the first time the fact that the polar ocean has a warmer temperature at considerable depths than it has on the surface, and each subsequent voyage in search of whales found him no less eager of fresh additions to scientific knowledge. His letters of this period to Sir Joseph Banks, whose acquaintance he had made a few years earlier, no doubt gave the first impulse to the search for the North-West Passage which followed. On 29 June 1816, commanding the Esk on his fifteenth whaling voyage from Whitby, Scoresby encountered grave problems when ice damaged his ship. With the aid of his brother-in-law's crew on board the John, and after agreeing to surrendering much of their catch, the Esk was repaired, of which Scoresby recounted in his 1820 book The Northern Whale-Fishery.[1] In 1819, Scoresby was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Robert Jameson. John Playfair and Sir G S Mackenzie. About the same time communicated a paper to the Royal Society of London: "On the Anomaly in the Variation of the Magnetic Needle". In 1820, he published An Account of the Arctic Regions and Northern Whale Fishery, in which he gathers up the results of his own observations, as well as those of previous navigators. In his voyage of 1822 to Greenland, Scoresby surveyed and charted with remarkable accuracy 400 miles of the east coast, between 69° 30' and 72° 30', thus contributing to the first real and important geographic knowledge of East Greenland. This, however, proved the last of his Arctic voyages. On his return, he learnt of his wife's death, and this event, with other influences acting upon his naturally pious spirit, decided him to enter the church. He then began divinity studies at Queens' College, Cambridge,[2] enrolling under the ten-year divinity statute and thus becoming a ten-year man, and also became the curate of Bessingby, Yorkshire.[3] Meantime, his Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale Fishery, including Researches and Discoveries on the Eastern Coast of Greenland (1823), had appeared at Edinburgh. The discharge of his clerical duties at Bessingby, and later at Liverpool, Exeter and Bradford, did not prevent him from continuing his interest in science. In 1824, the Royal Society elected him a fellow, and in 1827, he became an honorary corresponding member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. In 1834 he received his Bachelor Degree in Divinity (BD) from Cambridge University, and in 1839, was awarded an honorary doctorate, Doctor of Divinity (DD).[4] From the first, Scoresby worked as an active member and official of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and he contributed especially to the knowledge of terrestrial magnetism. Of his sixty papers in the Royal Society list, many relate to this department of research. However, his observations extended into many other departments, including researches on optics and, with James Joule, comparing electromagnetic (chemical), thermal (coal/steam), and organic (horse) power sources.[5] To obtain additional data for his theories on magnetism, he made a voyage to Australia in 1856 on board the ill-fated iron-hulled Royal Charter, the results of which appeared in a posthumous publication: Journal of a Voyage to Australia for Magnetical Research, edited by Archibald Smith (1859). He made two visits to America, in 1844 and 1848; on his return home from the latter visit he made some valuable observations on the height of Atlantic waves, the results of which were given to the British Association. He interested himself much in social questions, especially the improvement of the condition of factory operatives. He also published numerous works and papers of a religious character. In 1850, Scoresby published a work urging the prosecution of the search for the Franklin expedition and giving the results of his own experience in Arctic navigation. PersonalScoresby married three times. After his third marriage (1849), he built a villa at Torquay, where he was appointed honorary lecturer at the Parish church of St Mary Magdalene, Upton. He died in Torquay on 21 March 1857. He is buried in the churchyard at Upton and commemorated by a memorial which is decorated with mariner's compass and dividers, and a Bible.[6] He is also memorialised on the family grave in Whitby. His sister Arabella Scoresby was mother to the physician Robert Edmund Scoresby-Jackson FRSE.[7] LegacyA number of places have been named after him, including:
References in literatureHerman Melville's main character Ishmael quotes Scoresby in the Cetology chapter of Moby-Dick: "'No branch of Zoology is so much involved as that which is entitled Cetology,' says Captain Scoresby, A.D. 1820."[9]Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy features a character named Lee Scoresby, an intrepid explorer, old Arctic hand, and balloon aeronaut. Pullman has stated that the character was named after William Scoresby and Lee Van Cleef.[10]William Scoresby also had a habit of making friends with polar bears.[11] H. P. Lovecraft refers to William Scoresby's illustrations when describing an Antarctic mirage in the story At The Mountains of Madness.[12]Julian Barnes references William Scoresby in his postmodern novel Flaubert's Parrot, which reads like a literary criticism. In the fourth chapter, where the author is discussing what kind of bear Flaubert thought himself to be, he states that William Scoresby claimed the liver of the polar bear to be poisonous.[13]References1. ^{{Cite book |title=Ordeal by ice; the search for the Northwest Passage |last=Mowat |first=Farley |authorlink=Farley Mowat |year=1973 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart Ltd |location=Toronto |series=Of Whales and Ice |pages=173–181 |oclc=1391959}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/page-242 |title=Eminent Alumni - Queens' College |website=queens.cam.ac.uk}} 3. ^{{Cite book |last=Kverndal |first=Roald |year=1986 |title=Seamen's Missions: Their Origin and Early Growth |page=288 |publisher=William Carey Library |ISBN=0-87808-440-1}} 4. ^{{Cite book |title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 |date=July 2006 |publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh |isbn=0 902 198 84 X |url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf |format=PDF}} 5. ^{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/scientificpapers00joul#page/n17/ |series=Phil.Mag.xxviii.3rd Series |year=1846 |title=Experiments and Observations on the Mechanical Powers of Electro-Magnetism, Steam, and Horses}} 6. ^Information from Memorial, Upton Parish Church 7. ^{{cite book |title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 |date=July 2006 |publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh |isbn=0 902 198 84 X |url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |format=PDF}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article103003.html |title=Scoresby Sund |publisher=Great Soviet Encyclopedia |language=Russian}} 9. ^{{Cite web |last=Melville |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKd62MhrOTEC&pg=PA164 |title=Moby-Dick or The Whale |page=164 |publisher=Read Books |year=1851 |ISBN=1-4097-6485-0}} 10. ^{{Cite web |first=Philip |last=Pullman |title=Philip Pullman |url=http://www.philip-pullman.com/q_a.asp |accessdate=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008230453/http://www.philip-pullman.com/q_a.asp |archive-date=8 October 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 11. ^{{Cite web |first=Fergus |last=Flemming |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJJ4T_r6STYC&pg=PA31 |title=Barrow's Boys |publisher=Grove Press |year=2001 |page=31 |ISBN=0-8021-3794-6}} 12. ^{{Cite book |title=At The Mountains of Madness |first=H P |last=Lovecraft |year=1936 |ISBN=0-8129-7441-7}} 13. ^{{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Julian |title=Flaubert's Parrot |publisher=Vintage |year=1984 |isbn=0-6797-3136-9}} Attribution{{EB1911|wstitle=Scoresby, William|volume=24|page=409}}Further reading
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10 : 1789 births|1857 deaths|Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge|English explorers|Explorers of the Arctic|Fellows of the Royal Society|People from Whitby|British polar explorers|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Nautical captains |
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