| 词条 | Cellular agriculture |
| 释义 |
Cellular agriculture focuses on the production of agriculture products from cell cultures using a combination of biotechnology, tissue engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology to create and design new methods of producing proteins, fats, and tissues that would otherwise come from traditional agriculture.[1] Most of the industry is focused on animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs, produced in cell culture rather than raising and slaughtering farmed livestock.[2] The most well known cellular agriculture concept is cultured meat. History{{Main|Timeline of cellular agriculture}}Although cellular agriculture is a nascent scientific discipline, cellular agriculture products were first commercialized in the early 20th century with insulin and rennet.[3] On March 24, 1990, the FDA approved a bacteria that had been genetically engineered to produce rennet, making it the first genetically engineered product for food.[4] Rennet is a mixture of enzymes that turns milk into curds and whey in cheese making. Traditionally, rennet is extracted from the inner lining of the fourth stomach of calves. Today, cheese making processes use rennet enzymes from genetically engineered bacteria, fungi, or yeasts because they are unadulterated, more consistent, and less expensive than animal-derived rennet.[5] In 2004, Jason Matheny founded New Harvest, whose mission is to "accelerate breakthroughs in cellular agriculture."[6] New Harvest is the only organization focused exclusively on advancing the field of cellular agriculture and provided the first PhD funding specifically for cellular agriculture, at Tufts University.[7] By 2014, IndieBio, a synthetic biology accelerator in San Francisco, has incubated several cellular agriculture startups, hosting Muufri (making milk from cell culture, now Perfect Day Foods), Clara Foods (making egg whites from cell culture), Gelzen (making gelatin from bacteria and yeast, now Geltor), Afineur (making cultured coffee beans) and Pembient (making rhino horn). Muufri and Clara Foods were both initially sponsored by New Harvest. In 2015, Mercy for Animals created The Good Food Institute, which promotes plant-based and cellular agriculture.[8] In July 13, 2016, New Harvest hosted the world's first international conference on cellular agriculture in San Francisco, California.[6] The day after the conference, New Harvest hosted the first closed-door workshop for industry, academic, and government stakeholders in cellular agriculture.[9] Research toolsSeveral key research tools are at the foundation of research in cellular agriculture. These include: Cell linesA fundamental missing piece in the advancement of cultured meat is the availability of the appropriate cellular materials. While some methods and protocols from human and mouse cell culture may apply to agricultural cellular materials, it has become clear that most do not. This is evidenced by the fact that established protocols for creating human and mouse embryonic stem cells have not succeeded in establishing ungulate embryonic stem cell lines.[10][11][12] The ideal criteria for cell lines for the purpose of cultured meat production include immortality, high proliferative ability, surface independence, serum independence, and tissue-forming ability. The specific cell types most suitable for cellular agriculture are likely to differ from species to species.[13][14] Growth mediaConventional methods for growing animal tissue in culture involves the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS is a blood product extracted from fetal calves. This product supplies cells with nutrients and stimulating growth factors, but is unsustainable and resource-heavy to produce, with large batch-to-batch variation.[15] Cultured meat companies have been putting significant resources into alternative growth media. After the creation of the cell lines, efforts to remove serum from the growth media are key to the advancement of cellular agriculture as fetal bovine serum has been the target of most criticisms of cellular agriculture and cultured meat production. It is likely that two different media formulations will be required for each cell type: a proliferation media, for growth, and a differentiation media, for maturation.[16] Scaling technologiesAs biotechnological processes are scaled, experiments start to become increasingly expensive, as bioreactors of increasing volume will have to be created. Each increase in size will require a re-optimization of various parameters such as unit operations, fluid dynamics, mass transfer, and reaction kinetics. Scaffold materialsFor cells to form tissue, it is helpful for a material scaffold to be added to provide structure. Scaffolds are crucial for cells to form tissues larger than 100 µm across. An ideal scaffold must be non-toxic for the cells, edible, and allow for the flow of nutrients and oxygen. It must also be cheap and easy to produce on a large scale without the need for animals. 3D tissue systemsThe final phase for creating cultured meat involves bringing together all the previous pieces of research to create large (>100 µm in diameter) pieces of tissue that can be made of mass-produced cells without the need for serum, where the scaffold is suitable for cells and humans. ApplicationsWhile the majority of discussion has been around food applications, particular cultured meat, cellular agriculture can be used to create any kind of agricultural product, including those that never involved animals to begin with, like Gingko Biowork's fragrances. Meat
The Impossible Burger produced by Impossible Foods contains heme, which the company claims gives the burger its bloody look and taste. Their soy leghemoglobin is produced by taking the soybean gene that encodes the heme protein and transferring it to yeast.[17]
SuperMeat is an Israeli startup that launched an Indiegogo campaign in 2016 to create cultured chicken meat.[18][19]
Memphis Meats is a United States startup that made a prototype of a cultured meatball in 2016.[20][21]
Mosa Meat is a Dutch startup that is an outgrowth of Mark Post's cultured burger, which was tasted in London in 2013.[22]
Shojinmeat Project is a Japanese biohacker community developing cultured meat.
Balletic Foods is working on cultured meat, based in Silicon Valley, California.
Aleph Farms is working on cultured meat, based in Israel. Dairy
Perfect Day is a San Francisco-based startup that started as the New Harvest Dairy Project and was incubated by IndieBio in 2014. Perfect Day is making dairy from yeast instead of cows.[26][27] The company changed its name from Muufri to Perfect Day in August 2016.[28] Eggs
Clara Foods is a San Francisco-based startup that started as the New Harvest Egg Project and was incubated by IndieBio in 2015. Clara Foods is making egg whites from yeast instead of eggs.[29] Gelatin
Geltor is a San Francisco-based startup that was incubated by IndieBio in 2015. Geltor is developing a proprietary protein production platform that uses bacteria and yeast to produce gelatin.[30][31] Coffee
Afineur is a Brooklyn-based startup using biotechnology and smart fermentations to improve the nutritional profile and taste of plant-based food, starting with craft coffee.[32] Horseshoe Crab Blood
Sothic Bioscience is a Cork-based startup incubated by IndieBio in 2015. Sothic Bioscience is building a platform for biosynthetic horseshoe crab blood production. Horseshoe crab blood contains limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), which is the gold standard in validating medical equipment and medication.[33][34] Fish
Finless Foods is working to develop and mass manufacture marine animal food products.[35]
Wild Type is a San Francisco-based startup focused on creating cultured meat to address items such as climate change, food security, and health.[36][37] Fragrances
Gingko Bioworks is a Boston-based organism design company culturing fragrances and designing custom microbes.[38] Silk
Spiber is a Japan-based company decoding the gene responsible for the production of fibroin in spiders and then bioengineering bacteria with recombinant DNA to produce the protein, which they then spin into their artificial silk.[39][40]
Bolt Thread is a California-based company creating engineered silk fibers based on proteins found in spider silk that can be produced at commercial scale. Bolt examines the DNA of spiders and then replicates those genetic sequences in other ingredients to create a similar silk fiber. Bolt’s silk is made primarily of sugar, water, salts, and yeast. Through a process called wet spinning, this liquid is spun into fiber, similar to the way fibers like acrylic and rayon are made.[41][42] Leather
Modern Meadow is a Brooklyn-based startup growing collagen, a protein found in animal skin, to make biofabricated leather.[43] Pet Food
[https://golden.com/wiki/Cluster%3A_Clean_meat Clean Meat cluster] lists Because Animals, [https://golden.com/wiki/Wild_Earth_(company) Wild Earth] and [https://www.bondpets.com/ Bond Pet Foods] as participants in developing pet foods that use cultured meat. Media and PublicationsBooksClean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World is a book about cellular agriculture written by animal activist Paul Shapiro (author). The book reviews startup companies that are currently working towards mass-producing cellular agriculture products.[44][45][46] PodcastsCultured Meat and Future Food is a podcast about clean meat and future food technologies hosted by Alex Shirazi, a mobile User Experience Designer based in Menlo Park, California, whose current projects focus on retail technology. The podcast features interviews with industry professionals from startups, investors, and non-profits working on cellular agriculture.[47][48] Current Research3D Vascularized Muscle Tissue at Kings College[49]{{Empty section|date=December 2018}}Cultured Chicken and Turkey at North Carolina State University[50]{{Empty section|date=December 2018}}Academic ProgramsNew Harvest Cultured Tissue Fellowship at Tufts UniversityA joint program between New Harvest and the Tissue Engineering Research Center (TERC), an NIH-supported initiative established in 2004 to advance tissue engineering. The fellowship program offers funding for Masters and PhD students at Tufts university who are interested in bioengineering tunable structures, mechanics, and biology into 3D tissue systems related to their utility as foods.[51] ConferencesNew Harvest Conference[52]New Harvest brings together pioneers in the cellular agriculture and new, interested parties from industry and academia to share relevant learnings for cellular agriculture's path moving forward. Good Food Conference[53]The GFI conference is an event focused on accelerating the commercialization of plant-based and clean meat. Cultured Meat Symposium[54]The Cultured Meat Symposium is a conference held in Silicon Valley highlighting top industry insights of the clean meat revolution.[55] Alternative Protein Show[56]The Alternative Protein Show is a "networking event" to facilitate collaboration in the "New Protein Landscape," which includes plant-based and cellular agriculture. References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://agfundernews.com/closer-look-cellular-agriculture-and-the-processes-defining-it.html|title=A Closer Look at Cellular Agriculture and the Processes Defining It - AgFunderNews|date=2016-07-05|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-05}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|title=Cellular agriculture: The coming revolution in food production|journal = Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|pages = 32–35|volume = 74|issue = 1|doi = 10.1080/00963402.2017.1413059|first = CS|last = Mattick|pmid=10659856|date=January 2018}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/about|title=About|access-date=2016-08-08}} 4. ^{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-24/news/mn-681_1_genetically-engineered-product-for-food|title=FDA approves 1st genetically engineered product for food|last=|first=|date=1990-03-24|work=|access-date=|via=}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/gmfood/chymosin.html|title=Case Studies: Chymosin|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522102627/http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/gmfood/chymosin.html|archivedate=2016-05-22|df=}} 6. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/about|title=History|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/cellular_agriculture_tufts_university|title=Cellular Agriculture at Tufts University.|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://vegnews.com/articles/page.do?pageId=7568&catId=1|title=News article|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@NewHarvestOrg/notes-from-the-2016-cellular-agriculture-innovators-workshop-c97d4df4eabb#.dow8i6r2m|title=Notes from the 2016 Cellular Agriculture Innovators' Workshop|last=Harvest|first=New|date=2016-08-04|website=Medium|access-date=2016-08-05}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=Challenges and prospects for the establishment of embryonic stem cells of domesticated ungulates|journal=Animal Reproduction Science|volume=98|issue=1–2|doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.009|pmid=17097839|via=|pages=147–68 | last1 = Keefer | first1 = CL | last2 = Pant | first2 = D | last3 = Blomberg | first3 = L | last4 = Talbot | first4 = NC}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=The pursuit of ES cell lines of domesticated ungulates|journal=Stem Cell Rev|volume=4|issue=3|doi=10.1007/s12015-008-9026-0|pmid=18612851|via=|pages=235–54 | last1 = Talbot | first1 = NC | last2 = Le Ann | first2 = Blomberg}} 12. ^{{Cite book|date=2016|title=Embryonic Stem Cells and Fetal Developmental Models|journal=Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine|volume=|issue=|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-3483-6_5|pmid=|pages=81–99|series=Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine|last1=Nowak-Imialek|first1=Monika|last2=Niemann|first2=Heiner|isbn=978-1-4939-3481-2}} 13. ^{{Cite book|date=2013|title=Isolation and culture of bovine embryonic stem cells|journal=Epiblast Stem Cells|volume=1074|issue=|doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-628-3_9|pmid=23975809|via=|pages=111–23 | last1 = Cao | first1 = S | last2 = Wang | first2 = F | last3 = Liu | first3 = L|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|isbn=978-1-62703-627-6}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Why is it so difficult to derive pluripotent stem cells in domestic ungulates?|pmid=22913556|journal=Reprod Domest Anim|volume=47 Suppl 5|issue=|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02106.x|via=|pages=11–7 | last1 = Gandolfi | first1 = F | last2 = Pennarossa | first2 = G | last3 = Maffei | first3 = S | last4 = Brevini | first4 = T}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Van der Valk|first=J|date=2010|title=Optimization of chemically defined cell culture media--replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian in vitro methods|journal=Toxicol in Vitro|volume=24|issue=4|doi=10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.016|pmid=20362047|via=|pages=1053–63|hdl=1874/191398}} 16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Agapakis|first=Christina|date=2012|title=Steak of the Art: The Fatal Flaws of In Vitro Meat|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/04/24/steak-of-the-art-the-fatal-flaws-of-in-vitro-meat/#.V6jP-Vcw3zI|journal=Discover Magazine|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://impossiblefoods.com|title=Impossible Foods|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/supermeat-real-meat-without-harming-animals-food-technology#/|title=SuperMeat - REAL meat, without harming animals|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.supermeat.com|title=SuperMeat – 100% Meat, 0% Animal Suffering|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.techinsider.io/memphis-meats-is-making-lab-grown-meatballs-2016-7|title=Memphis Meats is making lab-grown meatballs|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=}} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.memphismeats.com|title=Memphis Meats|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/sizzling-steaks-may-soon-be-lab-grown-1454302862|title=Sizzling Steaks May Soon Be Lab-Grown|last=Bunge|first=Jacob|date=February 1, 2016|website=|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shojinmeat.com|title=Default Parallels Plesk Panel Page|website=shojinmeat.com}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.balleticfoods.com|title=Lab Grown and Cultured Meat - Balletic Foods|website=balleticfoods.com}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aleph-farms.com/|title=ALEPH FARMS|website=ALEPH FARMS}} 26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/muufri_milk|title=Muufri Milk|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609012500/http://www.new-harvest.org/muufri_milk#|archive-date=2016-06-09|dead-url=yes|df=}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.muufri.com|title=Perfect Day: All the dairy you love, with none of the dairy cows.|website=Perfect Day}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.perfectdayfoods.com/faq/|title=FAQs - Perfect Day}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/clara_foods|title=Clara Foods: egg whites without hens}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://biotechin.asia/2015/12/02/gelzen-inc-making-sustainable-animal-free-gelatin/|title=Gelzen Inc. – Making sustainable, animal-free gelatin|last=|first=|date=December 2, 2015|website=|access-date=}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gelzen.com|title=Geltor|website=gelzen.com}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.afineur.com|title=Home|website=AFINEUR}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/sothic-bioscience|title=Sothic Bioscience: Protecting human lives while preserving an ancient species}} 34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://bitnami-lampstack-b011.cloudapp.net|title=Lampstack|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301045717/http://bitnami-lampstack-b011.cloudapp.net/#|archive-date=2018-03-01|dead-url=yes|df=}} 35. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.finlessfoods.com/# |title=Finless Foods – Finless Foods |access-date=2018-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924102222/https://finlessfoods.com/# |archive-date=2018-09-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 36. ^{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/wild-type-raises-3-5m-to-reinvent-meat-for-the-21st-century/|title=Wild Type raises $3.5M to reinvent meat for the 21st century}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thewildtype.com/|title=Home|website=Wild Type}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ginkgobioworks.com|title=The Organism Company - Ginkgo Bioworks|website=Ginkgo Bioworks}} 39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://newatlas.com/spiber-synthetic-silk/28267/|title=Artificial "Spiber" silk is tougher than Kevlar|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.spiber.jp|title=Spiber株式会社|website=Spiber株式会社}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=https://boltthreads.com|title=Bolt Threads|website=boltthreads.com}} 42. ^{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/05/11/bolt-threads-patagonia/|title=Bolt Threads Will Bring Its Spider Silk Fabric to Patagonia|last=Rao|first=Leena|date=May 11, 2016|website=|publisher=Fortune|access-date=}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.modernmeadow.com|title=Modern Meadow – Leather re-imagined|website=modernmeadow.com}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=https://cleanmeat.com/|title=Clean Meat - The Bestselling Book by Paul Shapiro|website=cleanmeat.com}} 45. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Clean-Meat/Paul-Shapiro/9781501189081|title=Clean Meat|date=2 January 2018|isbn=9781501189081|last1=Shapiro|first1=Paul}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haU3Y9ooPZ8|title=Cultured Meat and Future Food Podcast Episode 03: Paul Shapiro|last=Cultured Meat Future Food|date=8 April 2018|via=YouTube}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://cleanmeatpodcast.com/|title=Cultured Meat and Future Food|website=cleanmeatpodcast.com}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC33S_Bjg2Hs1tuqDdABjf0Q|title=Cultured Meat Future Food|website=YouTube}} 49. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/cultured_steak|title=Data|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 50. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/cultured_chicken|title=Info|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 51. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/grants|title= Grant Opportunities, New Harvest|last=|first=|date=|website=new-harvest.org |publisher=New Harvest|access-date=July 25, 2018}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org|title=New Harvest}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goodfoodconference.com|title=Good Food Conference 2018|website=goodfoodconference.com}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cmsymposium.com|title=CMS}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kulr8.com/story/39177932/cultured-meat-symposium-announces-cell-based-meat-conference-planned-for-november-2018|title=Cultured Meat Symposium Announces Cell-Based Meat Conference Planned for November 2018|publisher=KULR8}} 56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newprotein.org|title=The Alternative Protein Show}} External links
Further reading[https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/08/01/Clean-meat-consumer-attitudes-and-the-transition-to-a-cellular-agriculture-food-economy Clean meat, consumer attitudes and the transition to a cellular agriculture food economy] [https://agfundernews.com/closer-look-cellular-agriculture-and-the-processes-defining-it.html/ A Closer Look at Cellular Agriculture and the Processes Defining It] [https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/05/lab-grown-meat-advances-us-lawmakers-call-regulation As lab-grown meat advances, U.S. lawmakers call for regulation] [https://atelier.bnpparibas/en/smart-city/article/cellular-agriculture-feed-tomorrow-s-smart-city CELLULAR AGRICULTURE: A WAY TO FEED TOMORROW’S SMART CITY?] [https://www.forbes.com/sites/barbstuckey/2017/02/07/five-food-beverage-macro-trends-for-2017/#760ea55a21b6 Cellular Agriculture, Intentional Imperfection And 'Post Truth': The Transformative Food Trends Of 2017] [https://agfundernews.com/the-4-key-biotechnologies-needed-to-get-cellular-agriculture-to-commercialization.html/ The 4 Key Biotechnologies Needed to Get Cellular Agriculture to Commercialization] [https://www.sfchronicle.com/food/article/Cellular-agriculture-Growing-meat-in-a-lab-11118533.php Cellular agriculture: Growing meat in a lab setting] How Might Cellular Agriculture Impact the Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Industries?{{Emerging technologies}} 2 : Biological engineering|Meat |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。