| 词条 | Willis Carto |
| 释义 |
| name = Willis Carto | residence = | other_names = | image = Otracw1.gif | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = Willis Allison Carto | birth_date = {{birth date|1926|7|17|mf=y}} | birth_place = Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2015|10|26|1926|7|17}} | death_place =Virginia, U.S. | known = Holocaust denial, antisemitism, right-wing populism | occupation = | title = Head of Liberty Lobby (defunct), founder of the Institute for Historical Review | salary = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | relations = | website = | footnotes = | employer = | height = | weight = }}Willis Allison Carto (July 17, 1926 – October 26, 2015) was an American political activist on the American far right. He described himself as Jeffersonian and populist, but was primarily known for his promotion of antisemitic conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial.[1][2][3][4] Carto was known as a political racial theorist through the Liberty Lobby and successor organizations which he helped create. Carto ran a group supporting segregationist George Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign which formed the basis for the National Youth Alliance which promoted Francis Parker Yockey's political philosophy. Carto helped found the Populist Party, which served as an electoral vehicle for white supremacist group and Ku Klux Klan members, such as David Duke in 1988 and Christian Identity supporter Bo Gritz in 1992. Carto ran the American Free Press newspaper which publishes anti-semitic and racist books and features columns by Joe Sobran, James Traficant, Paul Craig Roberts, and others. The organization promotes 9/11 conspiracy theories.[5] Carto's many other projects included the Institute for Historical Review, which promotes Holocaust denial. Early lifeWillis Carto was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He served in the Philippines during World War II and earned the Purple Heart.[6] After leaving the military, he lived with his parents in Mansfield, Ohio. He took at least some classes at the University of Cincinnati Law School.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} He later worked for Procter & Gamble and moved west to San Francisco, California where he worked for the Household Finance Company.[7] Influences{{Neo-Fascism}}Willis Carto was a devotee of the writings of Francis Parker Yockey.[8] Yockey promoted Adolf Hitler's German National Socialism movement, harsh criticism of the influence of Jews, and other Fascist causes and worked with the Nazi aligned German-American Bund and the National German-American Alliance. Yockey was visited by Carto while in prison[8] for possessing falsified passports.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Yockey's book, The Philosophy of History and Politics, was adopted by Carto as his own guiding ideology.[9] Later, Carto would define his ideology as Jeffersonian and populist rather than National Socialist, particularly in Carto's 1982 book, Profiles in Populism.[10] That book presented sympathetic profiles of several United States political figures including Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, Henry Ford, as well as Catholic priest Father Charles Coughlin who used radio to issue commentary in support of the policies of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini.[10][11] Liberty Lobby and newspapersIn 1955, Carto founded an organization called Liberty Lobby, which remained in operation under his control until 2001, when the organization was forced into bankruptcy as a result of a lawsuit.[1] Liberty Lobby published The Spotlight newspaper between 1975 and 2001.[1] Carto[12] and several Spotlight staff members and writers subsequently founded a new newspaper called the American Free Press. The paper includes articles from syndicated columnists who have no direct ties to Carto or his organizations. In 1966, Carto acquired control of The American Mercury via the Legion for the Survival of Freedom organization. It was published until 1980. Political activism in the 1960s and 1970sCarto ran a group called "Youth for George Wallace" to aid the third party presidential campaign of George Wallace in 1968.[13] When the campaign failed, he converted what remained of the Youth for George Wallace organization into the National Youth Alliance. As National Chairman for this group, Carto was successful in recruiting William Luther Pierce, who later became known for writing The Turner Diaries.[13] Carto eventually lost control of the National Youth Alliance to Pierce who transformed it into the National Alliance, a white nationalist and white separatist political organization. On September 10, 1971, the conservative magazine National Review published a detailed critique of Carto's activities up to that point. It was titled "Liberty Lobby - Willis Carto and his Fronts." Historical revisionism and Holocaust denialThe Institute for Historical Review was founded by Willis Carto in 1979.[8] Carto was also the founder of a publishing company called Noontide Press, which published books on white racialism, including Yockey's Imperium and David Hoggan's The Myth of the Six Million, one of the first books to deny the Holocaust.[14] Noontide Press later became closely associated with the IHR, and fell out of Carto's hands at the same time as the IHR did.[1] The IHR and Carto were sued in 1981 by public interest attorney William John Cox on behalf of Auschwitz survivor Mel Mermelstein. In that case, which was to eventually last eleven years, the court took "judicial notice of the fact that Jews were gassed to death at Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland during the summer of 1944."[15] The court went on to state, "It is simply a fact."[16][17][18] The law firm of Robert Von Esch, Jr., representing the defendants, settled with the plaintiff to remove themselves from the case by agreeing to pay $100,000 and an explicit apology for having filed an August 1986 libel suit by the IHR against Mermelstein. The Von Esches also formally acknowledged that Jews had been gassed at Auschwitz and that millions of Jews had perished in German wartime camps.[15] On September 19, 1991, the plaintiffs withdrew complaints of libel, conspiracy to inflict emotional distress and intentional infliction of emotional distress, following Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Stephen M. Lachs' dismissal of the malicious prosecution portion of the case.[15] After losing control of Noontide Press and the IHR in a hostile takeover by former associates, Carto started another publication, The Barnes Review, with the focus also on Holocaust denial. Populist Party (1984–1996)In 1984, Carto was involved in starting a new political party called the Populist Party.[1] It quickly fell out of his hands in a hostile takeover by disgruntled former associates. Critics asserted that this Populist Party (not to be confused with the 19th-century People's Party, commonly known as "Populists") was little more than an electoral vehicle for current and former Ku Klux Klan and Christian Identity members. Olympic athlete Bob Richards (1984), David Duke (a founder of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and a future Louisiana state representative, 1988) and former Green Beret Bo Gritz (1992) were the Populist Party's only three presidential candidates. It folded before it could nominate a candidate for the 1996 elections. In the mediaCarto's Liberty Lobby acquired the Sun Radio Network in December 1989, and attempted to use talk radio as a vehicle for espousing his views. It was eventually a financial failure.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Liberty Lobby and American Free Press also sponsored the Radio Free America talk show. Carto also formed the Foundation to Defend the First Amendment, one of several nonprofits Carto used to spread money to like-minded individuals and groups.[19][20] Carto also published Barnes Review from 1994. In 2004, Carto joined in signing the New Orleans Protocol on behalf of American Free Press. The New Orleans Protocol seeks to "mainstream our cause" by reducing internecine warfare. It was written by David Duke. Carto has also been featured as a guest on The Political Cesspool, which, according to its statement of principles, represents "a philosophy that is pro-White." He has spoken at meetings conducted by "Pastor" Thomas Robb, a prominent Ku Klux Klan leader and Christian Identity advocate and in 2015 participated in the ground breaking ceremony for the Christian Revival Research and Development Center being built on Robb's compound in Arkansas, along with Edward Fields and Canadian white supremacist Paul Fromm. In 2007, Carto condemned the "genocidal maniacs like Vice President Cheney and commentator Bill O'Reilly" in their support of the Bush administration's attack on Iraq.[31] Carto defended Iraq as a "highly civilized, independent, stable country with 6,000 years of proud history" where over "800,000 innocent men, women and children have been killed, and at least one million wounded, an untold number of homes have been demolished, roads blown up, buildings destroyed." Carto warned that "now the crooks are prodding America to attack Iran" and condemned "the war cries of cowardly 'neo-con' Israel-firsters who literally demand war against Iran". He expressed the fear that American bombs might kill enough Iranians so that Israel will "establish control over the entire theatre and those who presently live there will become Jewish serfs—like the Palestinians."[21] His media outlets have supported candidate and congressman Ron Paul. DeathCarto died on October 26, 2015 at the age of 89, reportedly from cardiac arrest.[22] In February 2016, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery (which the family had the right to request because he had earned a Purple Heart.) Far-right, white nationalist leader Pastor Thomas A. Robb presided over his funeral. References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news| url=http://www.adl.org/Learn/Ext_US/carto.asp| title=Willis Carto| publisher=Anti-Defamation League | year= 2009 | first= | last= | accessdate =2009-09-15}} 2. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Kaplan|editor1-first=Jeffrey|title=Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right|date=2000|publisher=AltaMira Press|isbn=978-0742503403|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNWbbhUYv8oC&pg=PA42&dq=Willis+Carto+anti-semitism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uYsIVbvBO8PsaIbhgfAC&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Willis%20Carto%20anti-semitism&f=false}} 3. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Richard|title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851094394|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&pg=PA107&dq=Willis+Carto+anti-semitism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uYsIVbvBO8PsaIbhgfAC&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Willis%20Carto%20anti-semitism&f=false}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Michael|first1=George|title=Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415628440|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SOAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=Willis+Carto+anti-semitism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uYsIVbvBO8PsaIbhgfAC&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Willis%20Carto%20anti-semitism&f=false}} 5. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/26/us/politics/ron-paul-disowns-extremists-views-but-doesnt-disavow-the-support.html?pagewanted=all "Paul Disowns Extremists’ Views but Doesn’t Disavow the Support"] by Jim Rutenberg & Serge F. Kovaleski,The New York Times, December 25, 2011 6. ^{{cite news|last1=Marans|first1=Daniel|title=Famed Holocaust Denier Could Be Buried In Arlington National Cemetery|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/holocaust-denier-arlington-national-cemetery_5637c588e4b0631799134d74|accessdate=3 November 2015|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=2 November 2015}} 7. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/02/us/willis-carto-far-right-figure-and-holocaust-denier-dies-at-89.html?_r=0 "Willis Carto, Far-Right Figure and Holocaust Denier, Dies at 89"] by Douglas Martin,The New York Times, November 1, 2015 8. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Beirich|first=Heidi|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/willis-carto-first-major-biography|title=Willis Carto: The First Major Biography|work=Intelligence Report|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|issue=Winter 2008|date=November 30, 2008|access-date=December 24, 2018}} 9. ^"Willis Carto and the IHR", Nizkor Project 10. ^1 Lyons, Matthew N. & Chip Berlet. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort; The Guilford Press; 2000; {{ISBN|978-1572305625}}; p. 188 11. ^Lawrence, John Shelton & Robert Jewett. The Myth of the American Superhero; Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.; June 1, 2002; {{ISBN|978-0802825735}}, p. 132 12. ^{{cite book |last=Aaronovitch |first=David |author-link=David Aaronovitch |date=2010 |chapter= |chapterurl= |title=Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t7lC3nmFq8C&lpg=PT205&dq=%22American%20Free%20Press%22%20Carto&pg=PT205#v=onepage&q=Willis%20Carto&f=false |location= |publisher=Riverhead Books |page= |isbn=9781101185216 |access-date=July 7, 2015}} 13. ^1 Kaplan, Jeffrey (editor). Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right; AltaMira Press; June 14, 2000; {{ISBN|978-0742503403}}; page 43. 14. ^{{Cite news| url=http://www.adl.org/holocaust/carto.asp | title=Willis A. Carto: Fabricating History | publisher=Anti-Defamation League | year= 2009 | first= | last= | accessdate =2009-09-15}} 15. ^1 2 "IHR Scores Stunning Victory in Mermelstein Trial - $11 Million Lawsuit Ends in Vindication for Defendants", IHR Newsletter, October 1991, no.82 16. ^Transcript, Nizkor Project 17. ^"Mermelstein Victory", Heritage, October 23, 1981. 18. ^"Footnote to the Holocaust" by Melinda Beck, Newsweek, October 19, 1981, p. 73. 19. ^Judge Roy Moore Got $1,000 from OC Holocaust Denial Group's Co-Founder 20. ^Foundation to Defend the First Amendment - About Us 21. ^1 :U.S. Takes More Steps Toward War With Iran" by Willis Carto; American Free Press; issue #45; November 5, 2007 22. ^{{cite web|title=Willis Allison Carto, American, Rest in Peace|url=http://barnesreview.org/willis-allison-carto-american-rest-in-peace/|website=Barnes Review|publisher=Barnes Revoew|accessdate=31 October 2015}} Sources
Further reading
External links
16 : 1926 births|2015 deaths|American anti-communists|American conspiracy theorists|American Holocaust deniers|American male non-fiction writers|American military personnel of World War II|American political writers|American white supremacists|Antisemitism in the United States|Far-right politics in the United States|John Birch Society|People from Fort Wayne, Indiana|Political theories|Politics and race in the United States|Populist Party (United States, 1984) |
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