| 词条 | Charles C. Hart |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Charles C. Hart | honorific_suffix = | image = | alt = | order = 8th | minister_from= United States | country = Iran | term_start = February 9, 1930 | term_end = October 31, 1933 | predecessor = Hoffman Philip | successor = William H. Hornibrook | president = Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt | order1 = 2nd | minister_from1= United States | country1 = Albania | term_start1 = August 1, 1925 | term_end1 = December 12, 1929 | predecessor1 = Ulysses Grant-Smith | successor1 = Herman Bernstein | president1 = Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth-date|September 1878}} | birth_place = Bryant, Indiana | death_date = {{Death date and age|1956|11|17|1878|09|}} | death_place = Los Angeles, California | death_cause = | resting_place = Arlington National Cemetery | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = | nationality = | party = Republican | otherparty = | height = | spouse = Bertha Hall {{marriage|Ruth Agnes Lymond|April 21, 1917|November 17, 1956|end= his death}} | partner = | relations = | children = 3 | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = | residence = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = Journalist, diplomat | portfolio = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | nickname = | allegiance = {{flag|United States}} | branch = {{army|US}} | serviceyears = 1897-1898 | rank = Private | unit = Third Artillery | commands = | battles = Spanish–American War | mawards = }} Charles Calmer Hart (September 1878{{spaced endash}}November 17, 1956) was an American journalist and diplomat,[1] who served as minister to Albania from 1925 to 1929, and as minister to Persia from 1930 to 1933. Early yearsBorn on a farm in Bryant, Indiana, in September 1878,[2] Charles Calmer Hart was the son of a schoolteacher.[3] His first jobs included farming and working in a factory.[4] Though he never attended high college or university, he became a printer's devil at the Geneva Herald, in Indiana, before joining the Muncie Star,[3] now The Star Press. In 1897,[5] he moved west, and joined the staff of the San Francisco Call as a reporter, before enlisting in the United States Army.[6] As a soldier, he served as a private in the Third Regiment of Artillery, either in Battery K,[7] or Battery L.[8] During his military service, Hart served as a guard on Alcatraz Island during its usage as Alcatraz Citadel, a Army prison,[9] and was seriously injured: while climbing the steps of the lighthouse,[8] possibly to paint the roof,[10] the stairwell gave way under him, dropping him thirty feet into the rocks below,[9] fracturing his leg, which required the amputation of his leg below the knee.[8] Though there is some dispute regarding Hart's supposed service in the Spanish–American War,{{efn|The Swedish-language newspaper Vestkusten stated, in 1929, that "Han deltog i spanskamerikanska kriget", or, translated, "He [Hart] participated in the Spanish–American War";[11] but the Durham Morning Herald, in 1914, reported that Hart was discharged a month before the declaration of war.[6]}} it is known that Hart's injuries necessitated a year of convalescence,[4] including some time at the Soldiers' Home.[7][8] As a result of the amputation, he received a pension,[10] and used a prosthetic foot[3] and a cane for the rest of his life.[12] NewspapermanHe soon returned home to Indiana, rejoining the Muncie Star, this time as an editor; he later joined The Indianapolis Star as an editor, as well; during this time, as a young reporter, he provided Gene Stratton-Porter with her first newspaper mention,[13] on the strength of her reporting in the Decatur Journal.[14] He next worked for other newspapers around the country, mainly in the West, including The Spokesman-Review, where he served as city editor;[15] and The Oregonian, where he served as a Washington, D.C. correspondent.[16] In addition, he was also a correspondent with the Boise-based Capital-News, and the Minneapolis Tribune,[17] the latter of which is now the Star Tribune. While in Washington, furthermore, Hart served as the secretary of the National Press Club three times.[18] PoliticsHart was active in politics as a Republican. He supported Charles Evans Hughes during the 1916 presidential campaign, though his first candidate was Senator William Borah.[19] Additionally, for three years,[6] he was the secretary and campaign manager for Republican progressive William La Follette.[19] Hart ran for Congress in 1916,[4] in Washington's 5th congressional district,[20] but lost the Republican primary.[3][21] In November, Clarence Dill, one of his former reporters, was re-elected.[3] Personal lifeOn April 21, 1917, Hart married Ruth Agnes Limond in Seattle.[18] The two had met in Coronado, California, during Hart's campaign for Hughes.[19] For Hart, this was his second marriage; he had earlier married Bertha Hall, with whom he had a daughter.[22] With Ruth Limond, Hart had two children, a son, John; and a daughter, Priscilla.[23] AlbaniaPresident Calvin Coolidge nominated Hart as the second minister to Albania in May 1925;[24] he took up his post later that year. Hart's reports during his service as minister to Albania were widely considered entertaining and funny,[25] including by the Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg, and others in the Foreign Service, as they were written in a vivid and realistic style, more suited to journalism than diplomacy.[26][27] Well-liked by Albanian officials,[28] Hart, like Albanian president Zogu, proved to be wily and careful, especially when dealing with newspaper reporters;[29] apposite, as Hart taught Zogu how to play poker.[30] During his time as minister, Albania became a monarchy under Zogu, now King Zog I;[28] President Coolidge recognized the new Albanian government, as one properly created under the constitutional mechanisms of the Albanian Republic;[31] and Zog personally dedicated the new United States Embassy in Tirana,[32] with its large twelve rooms and lavish furnishings,[33] which, with some modifications and renovations, remains the embassy today.[34] At the time, King Zog was a bachelor, and it was later reported that he reached out to Hart for the diplomat's assistance in finding a wealthy, politically courageous, and beautiful American bride, someone to help him Westernise his country,[35] and that Hart had sent back a list of names, including Natalie Hays Hammond, whom Zog rejected due to lack of wealth.[36] Minister Hart denied the entire account.[37] In the end, Zog would get part of his wish: in 1938, he married Geraldine Apponyi, an impecunious Hungarian-American[38] countess.[39] By then, however, Hart had left as minister; he was replaced by Herman Bernstein in 1930.[40] PersiaAfter some time back in the United States, Hart was nominated by President Herbert Hoover as minister to Iran (then known as Persia) in October 1929.[41] The United States Senate confirmed his nomination in November;[42][43] and during Hart's journey to Iran, he passed through the Soviet Union, which was uncommon[44] and made him the first American diplomat in twelve years to have done so,[45] presumably at the behest of the State Department.[46] As minister to Persia, Hart was considered "energetic and popular";[47] as one Iranian newspaper stated, he "understands the Orient and the oriental mentality".[2] Hart's reports continued to be humorous,[48] and, to the admonishment of his colleagues and State Department officials, candid; yet when a report of such nature was received by Henry L. Stimson, Kellogg's successor, replete with calls for disciplinary actions, Stimson demurred.[49] Hart, during his time in Iran, was able to observe and report on the beginnings of Iranian modernism, including the actions and creations of the Society for the National Heritage of Iran,[50] and municipal modernization under Reza Shah.[51] Though he was successful in persuading the government to allow James Henry Breasted to conduct an archaeological restoration there,[52] most of his tenure involved responses to crises, including the 1930 Salmas earthquake and its aftermath,[53] as well as the kidnapping of American consular officers,[54] by Lurs near Sahneh,[55] in 1932.[56] In 1933, he resigned as minister,[57] and was replaced with William H. Hornibrook.[58] Later yearsAfter leaving his second diplomatic post, Hart worked in oil and gas exploration in the Middle East.[57][9] In 1936, for instance, Hart, backed by the former Secretary of the Treasury, Ogden L. Mills,[59] and joined by Frederick Gardner Clapp, helped negotiate oil rights in Afghanistan for an American firm, at the request of the Afghan and Persian governments.[60] During World War II, Hart sought to open another front in Albania; his mission was canceled some time before he boarded his flight, the "Yankee Clipper", which would crash on February 22, 1943, leaving fifteen survivors, including Jane Froman.[9] In March 1946, Hart, as the president of the American Friends of Albania group, rebuked Senator Claude Pepper on the Senator's position on Epirus in a newspaper advertisement.[61] Hart's health began to fail that year;[16] in late 1946, he stayed at Bethesda Naval Hospital for several months,[9] after a series of operations relating to complications stemming from his Alcatraz injury.[13] Hart also collected documents and autographs, some of which were auctioned off in February 1947.[62] The next year, Charles Calmer Hart moved to California,[5] where he died on November 17, 1956, in Los Angeles, at the age of 78.[16] He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[22] Notes{{Notelist}}References1. ^{{Cite magazine |date=November 4, 1929 |title=THE PRESIDENCY: Wet Week |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,787485-2,00.html |magazine=Time |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X |access-date=July 4, 2018}} 2. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21753022/a_nice_biography_from_harts_former/ |title=Hoosier-born U. S. Minister is Acclaimed by Persians |last=Young |first=Herrick B. |date=February 9, 1930 |work=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 10, 2018 |page=3 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book |title=News for an Empire: The Story of the Spokesman Review of Spokane, Washington and of the Field It Serves |last=Dyar |first=Ralph E. |publisher=Caxton Printers |year=1952 |isbn=978-1258107260 |location=Caldwell, Idaho |pages=143–144 |oclc=186702336 |archive-format=.pdf }} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21756792/congressional_run/ |title=Hart Runs for Congress |date=July 29, 1916 |work=The Colville Examiner |access-date=July 4, 2018 |page=4 |language=en-US}} 5. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21746758/chas_c_hart_obituary_arlington/ |title=Rites Are Set for C.C. Hart |date=November 26, 1957 |work=The Baltimore Sun |access-date=July 11, 2018 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 6. ^1 2 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21747428/hart_runs_for_congress_and_more_about/ |title=Newspaper Men in Field |date=February 8, 1914 |work=Durham Morning Herald |access-date=July 11, 2018 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 7. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21747494/news_of_the_regular_army_hart_was_a/ |title=News of the Regular Army |date=April 4, 1898 |work=San Francisco Call |access-date=July 10, 2018 |page=18 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21747307/how_hart_lost_his_leg/ |title=Soldier's Home |date=April 10, 1898 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=July 10, 2018 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21746644/minibiography_of_charles_calmer_hart/ |title=Charles Calmer Hart to Sell Historic Collection at Auction |date=February 23, 1947 |work=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 11, 2018 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 10. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21752678/painting_the_roof_eh/ |title=News Writers Climb to Fame as U.S. Envoys |last=Authier |first=George F. |date=April 10, 1929 |work=Star Tribune |access-date=July 11, 2018 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 11. ^{{Cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=VEST19291024.2.7&srpos=7&e=01-01-1910-31-12-1956--en--50--1--txt-txIN-%22Charles+C.+Hart%22-------1 |title=Amerika-NYTT. |date=October 24, 1929 |work=Vestkusten |access-date=July 8, 2018 |issue=43 |language=Swedish |via=California Digital Newspaper Collection}} 12. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21813952/early_years_of_century_golden_age/ |title=Early Years of Century Golden Age Period of Magic City: Muncie People Build Despite Failure of Gas |last=Williamson |first=Robert L. |date=May 29, 1949 |work=The Star Press |access-date=July 12, 2018 |page=65 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 13. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21747179/gene_strattonporter_etc_one_of_my/ |title=Hart Recovering at Navy Hospital |date=February 19, 1947 |work=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 4, 2018 |page=22 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 14. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21811645/the_star_press/ |title=Hoosier-Born World Traveler, Former Diplomat, Tells of Gene Stratton-Porter's First Writeup |last=Watkins |first=Everett C. |date=April 5, 1942 |work=The Star Press |access-date=July 12, 2018 |pages=6–7 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 15. ^{{Cite magazine |date=April 9, 1910 |title=Nelson W. Durham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yVDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA33 |magazine=Editor and Publisher |language=en-US |publisher=Editor & Publisher Company |volume=9 |issue=40 |page=2 |access-date=July 3, 2018}} 16. ^1 2 {{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/11/26/archives/charles-c-hart-78-exnewsman-envoy.html |title=CHARLES C. HART, 78, EX-NEWSMAN, ENVOY |date=November 26, 1956 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 3, 2018 |language=en-US}} 17. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21753095/minneapolis_tribune_too/ |title=Coolidge Names Charles C. Hart to Albania Post |date=May 29, 1925 |work=Albany Democrat-Herald |access-date=July 11, 2018 |page=1 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 18. ^1 {{Cite magazine |date=April 21, 1917 |title=Booming Hughes, Found Bride |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aolCAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA48 |magazine=Editor & Publisher |language=en-US |publisher=Editor & Publisher Company |volume=49 |issue=45 |page=48 |access-date=June 24, 2018}} 19. ^1 2 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21747140/hart_before_marriage_city_editor/ |title=Would-Be President Maker's Romance Brings Wedding to Local GIrl |date=April 22, 1917 |work=Star Tribune |access-date=July 11, 2018 |page=26 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 20. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21747547/hart_5th_cong_district/ |title=Washington State News of Interest |date=August 3, 1916 |work=Aberdeen Herald |access-date=July 10, 2018 |page=2 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 21. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.sos.wa.gov/elections/results_report.aspx |title=Election Search Results - Elections & Voting |website=Washington Secretary of State |access-date=2018-07-06}} 22. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21753370/one_child_by_bertha_hall/ |title=Arlington Burial This Week for Charles C. Hart |date=November 26, 1956 |work=The Star Press |access-date=July 11, 2018 |page=42 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 23. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21746916/priscilla_mendenhall_hart_chass/ |title=Society |date=August 7, 1927 |work=Star Tribune |access-date=July 11, 2018 |page=2 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 24. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/05/05/archives/to-be-minister-to-albania-cc-hart-western-newspaper-man-named-by.html |title=TO BE MINISTER TO ALBANIA.; C.C. Hart, Western Newspaper Man, Named by Coolidge. |date=May 5, 1925 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 5, 2018 |language=en-US}} 25. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21746990/more_of_the_hartthroughrussia_stuff/ |title=American Diplomat Now on Journey Through Russia to Reach Persian Post |last=Wilson |first=Lyle C. |date=January 2, 1930 |work=Great Falls Tribune |access-date=July 12, 2018 |agency=United Press International |page=1 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 26. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21790014/muncie_evening_press/ |title=Ex-Muncie Man Gains Honor |date=October 14, 1929 |work=Muncie Evening Press |access-date=July 12, 2018 |page=9 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 27. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21825486/a_moment_in_washington/ |title=A Moment in Washington |date=September 8, 1932 |work=Indianapolis News |access-date=July 13, 2018 |page=12 |language=en |via=Newspapers.com}} 28. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/09/02/archives/zogu-is-crowned-king-of-albanians-national-assembly-amid-acclaim.html |title=ZOGU IS CROWNED KING OF ALBANIANS; National Assembly Amid Acclaim Unanimously Proclaims the President as Monarch. HE FALTERS TAKING OATH Italians Help Guard New Ruler in Tirana--Republican Exiles Threaten Revolution. Falters as He Takes Ooath. ZOGU IS CROWNED KING OF ALBANIANS New King Reviews Garrison. Republican Exiles Threaten. Asks the League to Intervene. Manifesto Has Not Reached League. 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Pamela |title=Transitions in domestic architecture and home culture in twentieth century Iran |date=2009 |degree=PhD |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54552}} 52. ^{{Cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=MT19301227.2.70&srpos=7&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22Charles+C+Hart%22-------1 |title=American Will Restore Ruins |last=Baird |first=Joseph H. |date=December 27, 1930 |work=Madera Tribune |access-date=July 4, 2018 |agency=United Press International |issue=46 |page=4}} 53. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/05/11/archives/persian-quake-extensive-town-of-salmas-is-in-ruins-american-red.html |title=PERSIAN QUAKE EXTENSIVE.; Town of Salmas Is in Ruins-- American Red Cross Sends Aid. |date=May 11, 1930 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 4, 2018 |language=en}} 54. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/09/05/archives/three-of-our-envoys-kidnapped-in-persia-rescued-from-brigands-after.html |title=Three of Our Envoys Kidnapped in Persia; Rescued From Brigands After Three Days |date=September 5, 1932 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 4, 2018 |language=en}} 55. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21753150/persian_brigands/ |title=Americans Tell Of Rescue From Persian Brigands |last=Fleming |first=Dewey L. |date=September 7, 1932 |work=The Baltimore Sun |access-date=July 10, 2018 |language=en-US |author-link=Dewey L. Fleming |via=Newspapers.com}} 56. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/09/07/archives/envoys-exhausted-by-ordeal-in-persia-three-americans-captured-by.html |title=ENVOYS EXHAUSTED BY ORDEAL IN PERSIA; Three Americans Captured by Brigands Reach Teheran With Feet Lacerated. WERE STRIPPED AND ROBBED Forced to Run and Walk 25 Miles Into Mountains, They Spent a Freezing Night Before Rescue. |date=September 7, 1932 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 4, 2018 |language=en}} 57. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21792706/the_indianapolis_star/ |title=Great Concession for Oil is Negotiated by Hoosier |date=December 31, 1936 |work=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 12, 2018 |page=9 |language=en |via=Newspapers.com}} 58. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/12/13/archives/envoy-to-persia-is-named.html |title=Envoy to Persia Is Named. |date=December 13, 1933 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 5, 2018 |language=en-US}} 59. ^{{Cite magazine |date=February 1, 1937 |title=Oil Week |magazine=Time |language=en-US |volume=29 |issue=5 |page=64 |issn=0040-781X }} 60. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/12/31/archives/afghan-oil-rights-won-by-americans-75year-concession-covering.html |title=AFGHAN OIL RIGHTS WON BY AMERICANS; 75-Year Concession, Covering 270,000-Mile Square Area, Goes to Inland Firm. |date=December 31, 1936 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 5, 2018 |language=en-US}} 61. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21814230/albanians_flay_pepper_on_greece/ |title=Albanians Flay Pepper on Greece |date=March 3, 1946 |work=The Miami News |access-date=July 12, 2018 |agency=Associated Press |page=55 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}} 62. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/02/23/archives/rare-autographs-will-go-on-block.html |title=RARE AUTOGRAPHS WILL GO ON BLOCK |date=February 23, 1947 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 4, 2018 |language=en}} External links
7 : 1878 births|1956 deaths|American newspaper journalists|Ambassadors of the United States to Albania|Ambassadors of the United States to Iran|20th-century American diplomats|Indiana Republicans |
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