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词条 WIMP (computing)
释义

  1. Criticism

  2. Moving past the WIMP interface

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. Bibliography

{{distinguish|WIMP (software bundle)}}{{More footnotes|date=February 2008}}{{refimprove|date=August 2017}}

In human–computer interaction, WIMP stands for "windows, icons, menus, pointer",[1][2][3] denoting a style of interaction using these elements of the user interface. It was coined by Merzouga Wilberts in 1980.[4] Other expansions are sometimes used, such as substituting "mouse" and "mice" for menus, or "pull-down menu" and "pointing" for pointer.[5][6][7]

Although the term has fallen into disuse, some use it as an approximate synonym for graphical user interface (GUI). Any interface that uses graphics can be called a GUI, and WIMP systems derive from such systems. However, while all WIMP systems use graphics as a key element (the icon and pointer elements), and therefore are GUIs, the reverse is not true. Some GUIs are not based in windows, icons, menus, and pointers. For example, most mobile phones represent actions as icons, and some might have menus, but very few include a pointer or run programs in a window.{{fact|date=August 2017}}

WIMP interaction was developed at Xerox PARC (see Xerox Alto, developed in 1973) and popularized with Apple's introduction of the Macintosh in 1984, which added the concepts of the "menu bar" and extended window management.[8]

In a WIMP system:{{fact|date=August 2017}}

  • A window runs a self-contained program, isolated from other programs that (if in a multi-program operating system) run at the same time in other windows.
  • An icon acts as a shortcut to an action the computer performs (e.g., execute a program or task).
  • A menu is a text or icon-based selection system that selects and executes programs or tasks.
  • The pointer is an onscreen symbol that represents movement of a physical device that the user controls to select icons, data elements, etc.

This style of system improves human–computer interaction (HCI) by emulating real-world interactions and providing better ease of use for non-technical people. Users can carry skill at a standardized interface from one application to another.{{fact|date=August 2017}}

Criticism

{{expand section|date=January 2015}}

Some human–computer interaction researchers[9] consider WIMP to be ill-suited for multiple applications.{{fact|date=August 2017}}

WIMP-style user interfaces place visually impaired users at a disadvantage, especially when alternative text-based interfaces are not made available. Researchers have been exploring other alternatives that make modern computer systems more accessible.[10]

Moving past the WIMP interface

Multiple studies have explored the possibilities of moving past the WIMP interface, such as using reality-based interaction,[11] making the interface "three-dimensional" by adding visual depth through the use of monocular cues,[12][13][14][15] and even combining depth with physics.[16] The latter resulted in the development of BumpTop desktop and its acquisition and release by Google.{{fact|date=August 2017}}

See also

  • History of the graphical user interface
  • Desktop metaphor
  • Natural user interface

References

1. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/science/17map.html | title=The Cellphone, Navigating Our Lives | work=The New York Times | date=February 16, 2009 | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Markoff | first = John | location=New York | quote=[...] so-called WIMP interface — for windows, icons, menus, pointer [...] | authorlink = John Markoff }}
2. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/haptic-issues-virtual-manipulation/ | title=Haptic Issues for Virtual Manipulation | publisher=Microsoft | date=December 1996 | accessdate=May 22, 2018 | last = Hinckley | first = Ken | quote=The Windows-Icons-Menus-Pointer (WIMP) interface paradigm dominates modern computing systems.}}
3. ^{{cite web | url=http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/kenh/papers/InputChapter.pdf | title=Input Technologies and Techniques | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Hinckley | first = Ken | quote=Researchers are looking to move beyond the current "WIMP" (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer) interface [...] }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lottiebooth.com/pdf/essay.pdf|title=Alan Kay and the Graphical User Interface|first=Charlotte|last=Booth|access-date=2009-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232927/http://www.lottiebooth.com/pdf/essay.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-13|dead-url=yes|df=}}
5. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/01/business/the-executive-computer-when-oh-when-will-computers-behave-like-people.html | title=The Executive Computer; When, Oh When, Will Computers Behave Like People? | newspaper=The New York Times | date=January 1, 1995 | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Flynn | first = Laurie | location=New York | quote="We've taken the WIMP interface as far as it can go," he added, referring to the Windows-icon-mouse-pull-down menu.}}
6. ^{{cite conference | citeseerx = 10.1.1.121.7982 | title=SIGGRAPH '90 Workshop Report: Software Architectures and Metaphors for Non-WIMP User Interfaces | publisher=ACM SIGGRAPH | last = Green | first = Mark | booktitle=SIGGRAPH '90 |date=July 1991 | conference=SIGGRAPH | location=Dallas | last2 = Jacob | first2 = Robert | quote=The acronym, WIMP, stands for Windows, Icons, Mice and Pointing, and it is used to refer to the desk top, direct manipulation style of user interface.}}
7. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/magazine/facing-the-future.html | title=Facing the Future | work=The New York Times Magazine | date=April 14, 1996 | accessdate=December 14, 2011 | last = Patton | first = Phil | location=New York | quote=GUI and WIMP (for window, icon, mouse and pointer) are interfaces based on framed text, drop-down menus and clickable buttons arranged along on-screen panels called tool bars.}}
8. ^Andries van Dam: Post-WIMP User Interfaces. In: Communications of the ACM, 40(2) (February 1997), pp. 63–67. Citeseer
9. ^Past, Present and Future of User Interface Software Tools. Brad Myers, Scott E. Hudson, Randy Pausch, Y Pausch. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2000.  
10. ^Marcelo Medeiros Carneiro, Luiz Velho, Assistive Interfaces For The Visually Impaired Using Force Feedback Devices And Distance Transforms, Information Technology and Disabilities Journal, Vol. X, No. 2, December 2004
11. ^{{Cite book|last=Jacob|first=Robert J.K.|last2=Girouard|first2=Audrey|last3=Hirshfield|first3=Leanne M.|last4=Horn|first4=Michael S.|last5=Shaer|first5=Orit|last6=Solovey|first6=Erin Treacy|last7=Zigelbaum|first7=Jamie|date=2008-01-01|title=Reality-based Interaction: A Framework for post-WIMP Interfaces|journal=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|series=CHI '08|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=201–210|doi=10.1145/1357054.1357089|isbn=9781605580111}}
12. ^{{Cite book|last=Robertson|first=George|last2=Czerwinski|first2=Mary|last3=Larson|first3=Kevin|last4=Robbins|first4=Daniel C.|last5=Thiel|first5=David|last6=van Dantzich|first6=Maarten|date=1998-01-01|title=Data Mountain: Using Spatial Memory for Document Management|journal=Proceedings of the 11th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology|series=UIST '98|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=153–162|doi=10.1145/288392.288596|isbn=978-1581130348}}
13. ^{{Cite book|last=Cockburn|first=Andy|last2=McKenzie|first2=Bruce|date=2002-01-01|title=Evaluating the Effectiveness of Spatial Memory in 2D and 3D Physical and Virtual Environments|journal=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|series=CHI '02|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=203–210|doi=10.1145/503376.503413|isbn=978-1581134537}}
14. ^{{Cite book|last=Kyritsis|first=M.|last2=Gulliver|first2=S. R.|last3=Morar|first3=S.|last4=Stevens|first4=R.|date=2013-01-01|title=Issues and Benefits of Using 3D Interfaces: Visual and Verbal Tasks|journal=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems|series=MEDES '13|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=241–245|doi=10.1145/2536146.2536166|isbn=9781450320047}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kyritsis|first=Markos|last2=Gulliver|first2=Stephen R.|last3=Feredoes|first3=Eva|date=2016-08-01|title=Environmental factors and features that influence visual search in a 3D WIMP interface|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=92–93|pages=30–43|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.009}}
16. ^{{Cite book|last=Agarawala|first=Anand|last2=Balakrishnan|first2=Ravin|date=2006-01-01|title=Keepin' It Real: Pushing the Desktop Metaphor with Physics, Piles and the Pen|journal=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|series=CHI '06|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=1283–1292|doi=10.1145/1124772.1124965|isbn=978-1595933720}}

Bibliography

  • Alistair D. N. Edwards: The design of auditory interfaces for visually disabled users. In: Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), 1988, pp. 83–88, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/57167.57180
  • Mark Green, Robert Jacob, SIGGRAPH: '90 Workshop report: software architectures and metaphors for non-WIMP user interfaces. In: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 25(3) (July 1991), pp. 229–235, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/126640.126677
  • Ashley George Taylor: WIMP Interfaces (winter 1997) https://web.archive.org/web/20060719123329/http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/dialog-wimp/
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3 : Graphical user interfaces|User interface techniques|Computing acronyms
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