| 词条 | Wine (software) |
| 释义 |
| title = Wine | name = Wine | logo = WINE-logo.png | logo alt = | screenshot = File:Wine configuration screenshot.png | caption = winecfg (Wine configuration) | collapsible = | author = Alexandre Julliard | developer = [https://source.winehq.org/source/AUTHORS Wine authors] (1,668) | released = {{Start date and age|1993|07|04|df=yes}} | repo = {{URL|https://source.winehq.org/git/wine.git}} | programming language = C,[1] Yacc,[2] JavaScript,[3] Objective-C,[4] Perl[5] | operating system =
| platform = x86-32, x86-64, ARM | size = 21 MB (compressed tar.xz) | language = English | genre = Compatibility layer | license = GNU LGPL v2.1+[8][9] | website = https://www.winehq.org}}Wine (recursive backronym for Wine Is Not an Emulator) is a free and open-source compatibility layer that aims to allow computer programs (application software and computer games) developed for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix-like operating systems. Wine also provides a software library, known as Winelib, against which developers can compile Windows applications to help port them to Unix-like systems.[10] Wine provides its own Windows runtime environment which translates Windows system calls into POSIX-compliant system calls,[11] recreating the directory structure of Windows systems, and providing alternative implementations of Windows system libraries,[12] system services through Wine Project name being Wine is Not an Emulator was set as of August 1993 in the Naming discussion[17] and credited to David Niemi this is a recursive backronym. Unfortunately there is some confusion caused by an early FAQ using Windows Emulator[18] and other invalid sources that appear after the Wine Project name being set. No code emulation or virtualization occurs when running a Windows application under Wine.[19] "Emulation" usually would refer to execution of compiled code intended for one processor (such as x86) by interpreting/recompiling software running on a different processor (such as PowerPC). While the name sometimes appears in the forms WINE and wine, the project developers have agreed to standardize on the form Wine.[20] Wine is primarily developed for Linux and macOS,[21] and there are ({{as of|2018|11}}) well-maintained packages available for both platforms.[22] In a 2007 survey by desktoplinux.com of 38,500 Linux desktop users, 31.5% of respondents reported using Wine to run Windows applications.[23] This plurality was larger than all x86 virtualization programs combined, as well as larger than the 27.9% who reported not running Windows applications.[24] HistoryBob Amstadt, the initial project leader, and Eric Youngdale started the Wine project in 1993 as a way to run Windows applications on Linux. It was inspired by two Sun Microsystems' products, the Wabi for the Solaris operating system, and the Public Windows Initiative,[25] which was an attempt to get the Windows API fully reimplemented in the public domain as an ISO standard but rejected due to pressure from Microsoft in 1996.[26] Wine originally targeted 16-bit applications for Windows 3.x, but {{As of|2010|lc = on}} focuses on 32-bit and 64-bit versions which have become the standard on newer operating systems. The project originated in discussions on Usenet in [news:comp.os.linux comp.os.linux] in June 1993.[27] Alexandre Julliard has led the project since 1994. The project has proven time-consuming and difficult for the developers, mostly because of incomplete and incorrect documentation of the Windows API. While Microsoft extensively documents most Win32 functions, some areas such as file formats and protocols have no publicly available specification from Microsoft, and Windows also includes undocumented low-level functions, undocumented behavior and obscure bugs that Wine must duplicate precisely in order to allow some applications to work properly.[28] Consequently, the Wine team has reverse-engineered many function calls and file formats in such areas as thunking.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} The Wine project originally released Wine under the same MIT License as the X Window System, but owing to concern about proprietary versions of Wine not contributing their changes back to the core project,[29] work as of March 2002 has used the LGPL for its licensing.[30] Wine officially entered beta with version 0.9 on 25 October 2005.[31] Version 1.0 was released on 17 June 2008,[32] after 15 years of development. Version 1.2 was released on 16 July 2010,[33] version 1.4 on 7 March 2012,[34] version 1.6 on 18 July 2013.[35] and version 1.8 on 19 December 2015.[36] Development versions are released roughly every two weeks. Corporate sponsorshipThe main corporate sponsor of Wine is CodeWeavers, which employs Julliard and many other Wine developers to work on Wine and on CrossOver, CodeWeavers' supported version of Wine. CrossOver includes some application-specific tweaks not considered suitable for the WineHQ{{Non sequitur|date=June 2018}} version, as well as some additional proprietary components.[37] The involvement of Corel for a time assisted the project, chiefly by employing Julliard and others to work on it. Corel had an interest in porting WordPerfect Office, its office suite, to Linux (especially Corel Linux). Corel later cancelled all Linux-related projects after Microsoft made major investments in Corel, stopping their Wine effort.[38] Other corporate sponsors include Google, which hired CodeWeavers to fix Wine so Picasa ran well enough to be ported directly to Linux using the same binary as on Windows; Google later paid for improvements to Wine's support for Adobe Photoshop CS2. Wine is also a regular beneficiary of Google's Summer of Code program.[39][40] Software architectureThe goal of Wine is to implement the Windows APIs fully or partially that are required by programs that the users of Wine wish to run on top of a Unix-like system. Win32 APIThe Win32 function calls (over 10,000 library calls) are collectively called the Win32 API. DirectXDirectX is a collection of APIs for rendering, audio and input. While most office software does not make use of these, computer games do. As of 2017, Wine contains a DirectX 9.0c implementation.[41] DirectInput{{main article|DirectInput}}Xinput2DirectSound{{main article|DirectSound}}XAudio2In February 2019[42], a re-implemenation of the XAudio2 audio API was merged into Wine and was released as part of Wine 4.3.[43] Direct3DDirect3D 9Many games which use a Direct3D 9 rendering path can run on top of Wine. Gallium3DThe Gallium3D driver model creates a module called Gallium3D State Tracker. A free and open-source Gallium3D State Tracker was written for Microsoft Direct3D 9 in C (and another one for Direct3D 10 written in C++ which has not been maintained). After some modification to Wine, it is now possible to use Direct3D 9 games without the requirement to translate Direct3D calls into OpenGL calls, thus gaining a huge performance boost.[44] Direct3D 10Direct3D versions newer than 9c are not well supported by Wine. Direct3D 11On {{#formatdate:December 12 2016}}, Phoronix mentioned that a recent revision of Wine could run the video game Overwatch.[45] Microsoft Windows family of operating systemsThe concept underlying the Windows API is exactly contrary to the one underlying the concept of the Linux API. The functions comprising the Linux API are simple, with few parameters and few places where there are multiple ways to perform the same operation. Win32 provides very comprehensive interfaces with many parameters, often with three or four ways of doing the same thing, without the programmer actually knowing the costs, as documentation of the involved system calls is not available outside Microsoft. Additionally Win32 mixes low-level and high-level functions together. The programming interfaces of the Microsoft Windows family of OSes consist largely of dynamic-link libraries (DLLs). These contain a huge number of wrapper sub-routines for the system calls of the kernel, the NTOS kernel-mode program (ntoskrnl.exe). Only programmers at Microsoft write to the system-call layer, as documentation is not publicly available. The published user-mode interfaces all belong to operating system personalities that are implemented using subsystems that run on top of the NTOS layers. As a result, a programmer never knows the cost of sub-routine. But Windows also includes a number of programming interfaces which are implemented as services that run as separate processes. Applications communicate with user-mode services through RPCs. Unlike Linux, Windows is case insensitive, meaning it does not generally distinguish between upper- and lowercase. WineWine implements the Windows application binary interface (ABI) entirely in user space, rather than as a kernel module. Services normally provided by the kernel in Windows[46] are provided by a daemon known as the wineserver, whose task is to implement basic Windows functionality, as well as integration with the X Window System, and translation of signals into native Windows exceptions. Although Wine implements some aspects of the Windows kernel, it is not possible to use native Windows drivers with it, due to Wine's underlying architecture. This prevents certain applications and games from working, for example those using StarForce copy-protection which requires virtual device drivers to be installed. Alternative architecturesSince October 2010, Wine also works on the ARM platform when used as Winelib (which lets developers compile Windows code on Linux using Wine as a library).[47] Support for Solaris SPARC was dropped in version 1.5.26. User interfaceWine is usually invoked from the command-line interpreter: winecfgThere is the utility winecfg is a GUI configuration utility included with Wine. Winecfg makes configuring Wine easier by making it unnecessary to edit the registry directly, although, if needed, this can be done with the included registry editor (similar to Windows regedit). Third-party applicationsSome applications require more tweaking than simply installing the application in order to work properly, such as manually configuring Wine to use certain Windows DLLs. The Wine project does not integrate such workarounds into the Wine codebase, instead preferring to focus solely on improving Wine's implementation of the Windows API. While this approach focuses Wine development on long-term compatibility, it makes it difficult for users to run applications that require workarounds. Consequently, many third-party applications have been created to ease the use of those applications that don't work out of the box within Wine itself. The Wine wiki maintains a page of current and obsolete third-party applications.[50]
FunctionalityThe developers of the Direct3D portions of Wine have continued to implement new features such as pixel shaders to increase game support.[59] Wine can also use native DLLs directly, thus increasing functionality, but then a license for Windows is needed unless the DLLs were distributed with the application itself. Wine also includes its own open-source implementations of several Windows programs, such as notepad, wordpad, control, iexplore, and explorer.[60] [https://appdb.winehq.org/ The Wine Application Database] (AppDB) is a community-maintained on-line database about which Windows programs works with Wine and how well they work. Backward compatibilityWine ensures good backward compatibility with legacy Windows applications, including those written for Windows 3.1x.[61] Wine can mimic different Windows versions required for some programs, going as far back as Windows version 2.0.[62] However, Windows 1.x and Windows 2.x support was removed from Wine development version 1.3.12. If DOSBox is installed on the system{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} (see below on MS-DOS), Wine development version 1.3.12 and later nevertheless show the "Windows 2.0" option for the Windows version to mimic, but Wine still won't run most Windows 2.0 programs because MS-DOS and Windows functions are not currently integrated. Backward compatibility in Wine is superior to that of Windows, as newer versions of Windows can force users to upgrade legacy Windows applications. In many cases, Wine can offer better legacy support than newer versions of Windows with "Compatibility Mode". Wine can run 16-bit Windows programs on a 64-bit operating system, which uses an x86-64 (64-bit) CPU.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows cannot run 16-bit Windows programs.[63][64] Wine partially supports Windows console applications, and the user can choose which backend to use to manage the console (choices include[65] raw streams, curses, and user32). When using the raw streams or curses backends, Windows applications will run in a Unix terminal. 64-bit applicationsPreliminary support for 64-bit Windows applications was added to Wine 1.1.10, in December 2008.[66] This requires at least gcc version 4.4, and the Wine developers expect that it will take significant time before support stabilizes. However, as almost all Windows applications are {{As of|2010|alt=currently}} available in 32-bit versions, and the 32-bit version of Wine can run on 64-bit platforms, this is seen as a non-issue. The 64-bit port of Wine also has preliminary WoW64 support ({{As of|2010|April|lc=on}}), which allows both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows applications to run inside the same Wine instance.[67] Windows CEWine will not run Windows CE programs. There is an ongoing{{update inline|date=October 2018}} project to port Wine to ARM processors, which may in the future be used as a base for a WineCE running Windows CE programs.[68] However, there is a pre-alpha proof-of-concept version of Wine that can run Windows CE programs called WineCE.[69] MS-DOSEarly versions of Microsoft Windows run on top of MS-DOS and Windows programs may depend on MS-DOS programs being runnable. Wine does not have good support for MS-DOS, but starting with development version 1.3.12, Wine tries running MS-DOS programs in DOSBox if DOSBox is available on the system.[70] However, due to a bug, current versions of Wine incorrectly identify Windows 1.x and Windows 2.x programs as MS-DOS programs, attempting to run them in DOSBox (which does not work).[71] Compatibility for Internet ExplorerInternet Explorer can be installed directly on Wine. However, it is not recommended to do so, since (there is an alternative with Wine and) at least in the past it crashed or does not work well on recent versions of Wine which had poor support for Internet Explorer. Internet Explorer 5 can be installed on Wine 1.3.9 but crashes frequently.[72] Internet Explorer 5.5 is buggy on Wine 1.3.6,[73] and Internet Explorer 6 refuses to install on Wine 1.6-rc5.[74] Internet Explorer 7 32-bit version does not work very well on 1.5.11,[75] and the 64-bit version does not load web pages on 1.6-rc5.[76] Internet Explorer 8 also crashes constantly on Wine 1.6.[77] Internet Explorer 9 (both 32-bit[78] and 64-bit[79]) and 10[80] cannot be installed. An alternative for installing Internet Explorer directly is to use IEs4Linux. However, It is not compatible with the latest versions of Wine,[81] and the development of IEs4Linux is inactive. Other versions of WineThe core Wine development aims at a correct implementation of the Windows API as a whole and has sometimes lagged in some areas of compatibility with certain applications. Direct3D, for example, remained unimplemented until 1998,[82] although newer releases have had an increasingly complete implementation.[83] CrossOver{{main article|CrossOver (software)}}CodeWeavers markets CrossOver specifically for running Microsoft Office and other major Windows applications, including some games. CodeWeavers employs Alexandre Julliard to work on Wine and contributes most of its code to the Wine project under the LGPL. CodeWeavers also released a new version called CrossOver Mac for Intel-based Apple Macintosh computers on 10 January 2007.[84] CrossOver now includes the functionality of both the CrossOver Games and CrossOver Pro lines therefore CrossOver Games and CrossOver Pro are no longer available as single products.[85] CrossOver Games was optimized for running Windows video games. Unlike CrossOver, it didn't focus on providing the most stable version of Wine. Instead, experimental features are provided to support newer games.[86] Cedega / WineX{{main article|Cedega (software)}}TransGaming Technologies produced the proprietary Cedega software. Formerly known as WineX, Cedega represented a fork from the last MIT-licensed version of Wine in 2002. Much like CrossOver Games, TransGaming's Cedega was targeted towards running Windows video games. On 7 January 2011, TransGaming Technologies announced continued development of Cedega Technology under the GameTree Developer Program. TransGaming Technologies allowed members to keep using their Cedega ID and password until 28 February 2011.[87]Cider{{main article|Cider (software)}}TransGaming has also produced Cider, a library for Apple–Intel architecture Macintoshes. Instead of being an end-user product, Cider (like Winelib) is a wrapper allowing developers to adapt their games to run natively on Intel Mac without any changes in source code. WINE@EtersoftThe Russian company Etersoft has been developing a proprietary version of Wine since 2006. WINE@Etersoft supports popular Russian applications (for example, 1C:Enterprise by 1C Company).[88] {{As of|2010|alt=For 2010}}, Etersoft was going to issue WINE@Etersoft CAD, which is oriented towards CAD systems such as AutoCAD, BricsCAD, and Compass-3D. Darwine{{main article|Darwine}}Darwine is a port of the Wine libraries to Darwin and to macOS for both the PowerPC and Intel x86 architectures. All patches for x86 version were merged back into the main branch of Wine in 2009. Development on the PPC version was abandoned. Mike Kronenberg previously created the WineHelper for Darwine to add a GUI and macOS style app for interacting with Wine, which was later replaced by WineBottler.[89] Darwine now provides macOS compatible packages compiled from the Wine repository.[90] Wine for AndroidOn 3 February 2013 at the FOSDEM talk in Brussels, Alexandre Julliard demonstrated an early demo of Wine running on Google's Android operating system.[91] Experimental builds of WINE for Android were released in late 2017.[92] Pipelight/wine-compholioThe Pipelight Team has produced a custom version of Wine that acts as a wrapper for Windows NPAPI plugins within Linux browsers.[93] This tool permits Linux users to run Microsoft Silverlight, the Microsoft equivalent of Adobe Flash, and the Unity web plugin, along with a variety of other NPAPI plugins. The project provides an extensive set of patches against the upstream Wine project,[94] some of which occasionally get approved and added to upstream Wine. Pipelight is largely obsolete, as modern browsers no longer support NPAPI plugins and Silverlight has been deprecated by Microsoft.[95] ProtonOn 21 August 2018, Valve announced a new variation of Wine, named Proton, designed to integrate with the Linux version of the company's Steam software (including Steam installations built into their Linux-based SteamOS operating system and Steam Machine computers).[96] Valve's goal for Proton is to enable Steam users on Linux to play games which lack a native Linux port (particularly back-catalog games), and ultimately, through integration with Steam as well as improvements to game support relative to mainline Wine, to give users "the same simple plug-and-play experience" that they would get if they were playing the game natively on Linux.[96] Proton entered public beta immediately upon being announced.[96] Valve had already been collaborating with CodeWeavers since 2016 to develop improvements to Wine's gaming performance, some of which have already been merged to the upstream Wine project.[96] Some of the specific improvements incorporated into Proton include Vulkan-based Direct3D 10, 11, and 12 implementations via vkd3d[97] and DXVK[98], multi-threaded performance improvements via esync[99], improved handling of fullscreen games, and better automatic game controller hardware support.[96] Proton is fully open-source and available via GitHub.[100] Other projects using Wine source codeOther projects using Wine source code include:
ReceptionThe Wine project has received a number of technical and philosophical complaints and concerns over the years. SecurityBecause of Wine's ability to run Windows binary code, concerns have been raised over native Windows viruses and malware affecting Unix-like operating systems.[106] Wine can run most malware, but programs running in Wine are confined to the current user's privileges, restricting some undesirable consequences. For this reason the developers of Wine recommend never running it as the superuser.[107] Malware research software such as ZeroWine[108] runs Wine on Linux in a virtual machine, to keep the malware completely isolated from the host system. Another security concern is when the implemented specifications are ill-designed and allow for security compromise. Because Wine implements these specs, it will also implement any security vulnerabilities they contain.[109] Wine vs. native Unix applicationsA common concern about Wine is that its existence means that vendors are less likely to write native Linux, macOS, and BSD applications. As an example of this, it is worth considering IBM's 1994 operating system, OS/2 Warp. An article describes the weaknesses of OS/2 which killed it, the first one being: {{quote|OS/2 offered excellent compatibility with DOS and Windows 3.1 applications. No, this is not an error. Many application vendors argued that by developing a DOS or Windows app, they would reach the OS/2 market in addition to DOS/Windows markets and they didn't develop native OS/2 applications.[110]}}The Wine project itself responds to these complaints on one of its wiki pages: {{quote|For most people there remain a handful of programs locking them in to Windows. It's obvious there will never be a Microsoft Office ported to Linux, however older versions of programs like TurboTax won't be ported either. Similarly, there are tens of thousands of games and internal corporate applications which will never be ported. If you want to use Linux and rely on any legacy Windows application, something like Wine is essential... Wine makes Linux more useful and allows for millions of users to switch who couldn't otherwise. This greatly raises Linux marketshare, drawing more commercial and community developers to Linux.[111]}}Also, the Wine Wiki page claims that Wine can help break the chicken-and-egg problem for Linux on the desktop:[112] {{quote|This brings us to the chicken and egg issue of Linux on the desktop. Until Linux can provide equivalents for the above applications, its market share on the desktop will stagnate. But until the market share of Linux on the desktop rises, no vendor will develop applications for Linux. How does one break this vicious circle?Again, Wine can provide an answer. By letting users reuse the Windows applications they have invested time and money in, Wine dramatically lowers the barrier that prevents users from switching to Linux. This then makes it possible for Linux to take off on the desktop, which increases its market share in that segment. In turn, this makes it viable for companies to produce Linux versions of their applications, and for new products to come out just for the Linux market. This reasoning could be dismissed easily if Wine was only capable of running Solitaire. However, now it can run Microsoft Office, multimedia applications such as QuickTime and Windows Media Player, and even games such as Max Payne or Unreal Tournament 3. Almost any other complex application can be made to run well given a bit of time. And each time that work is done to add one application to this list, many other applications benefit from this work and become usable too. Have a look at our Application Database to get an idea on what can be run under Wine.}} The use of Wine for gaming has proved specifically controversial in the Linux community, as some feel it is preventing, or at least hindering, the further growth of native Linux gaming on the platform.[113][114] MicrosoftMicrosoft has not made public statements about Wine. However, the Windows Update software will block updates to Microsoft applications running in Wine. On 16 February 2005, Ivan Leo Puoti discovered that Microsoft had started checking the Windows Registry for the Wine configuration key and would block the Windows Update for any component.[115] As Puoti noted: "It's also the first time Microsoft acknowledges the existence of Wine." See also{{Portal|Free and open-source software|Linux}}
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web | url=https://winehq.org/news/2010071601 | title=Release News | first=Alexandre | last=Julliard | date= 16 July 2010}} 34. ^{{cite web | url=https://winehq.org/announce/1.4 | title=Wine Announcement | accessdate=7 March 2012}} 35. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.winehq.org/news/2013071801 | title=Wine 1.6 Released | date=18 July 2013 | publisher=WineHQ | accessdate=18 July 2013}} 36. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.winehq.org/news/2015121901 | title=Wine 1.8 Released | date=19 December 2015 | publisher=WineHQ | accessdate=19 December 2015}} 37. ^{{cite news | first=Jeremy | last=White | url = https://codeweavers.com/support/forums/announce/?t=24;mhl=100155;msg=100155#msg100155 | title = Announcing CrossOver 10.0 and CrossOver Games 10.0, The Impersonator | publisher = CodeWeavers | date=27 January 2011 | accessdate=28 January 2011}} 38. ^{{cite news | first=Steven J. | last=Vaughan-Nichols | url = http://archive09.linux.com/feature/21411 | title = That's All Folks: Corel Leaves Open Source Behind | publisher = Linux.com | date=25 February 2002 | accessdate=3 January 2009}} 39. ^{{cite mailing list | last=Kegel | first=Dan | url=http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.emulators.wine.devel/56872 | title=Google's support for Wine in 2007 | date=14 February 2008 | mailinglist=wine-devel | accessdate=3 January 2009}} 40. ^{{cite web | url=https://code.google.com/p/google-older-mirrored-patches/wiki/Wine | title=Open Source Patches: Wine | publisher=Google | accessdate=7 September 2008}} 41. ^[https://archive.is/20161008213028/https://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ%23Does_Wine_support_.NET.3F_Should_I_install_native_.NET_in_Wine.3F Archived Wine FAQ from 2017] 42. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Wine-Lands-FAudio-XAudio2 |title=FAudio Lands In Wine For New XAudio2 Re-Implementation |publisher=Phoronix |date=2019-02-25}} 43. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.winehq.org//announce/4.3 |title=WineHQ - Wine Announcement - The Wine development release 4.3 is now available.}} 44. ^{{cite web |url=http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.video.mesa3d.devel/60445 |title=Direct3D 9 Gallium3D State Tracker |author=Christoph Bumiller|quote=there are a couple of differences to d3d1x: [...] it's written in C instead of C++ and not relying on horrific multiple inheritance with [...] So far I've tried Skyrim, Civilization 5, Anno 1404 and StarCraft 2 on the nvc0 and r600g drivers, which work pretty well, at up to x2 the fps I get with wined3d (NOTE: no thorough benchmarking done yet).}} 45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Wine-Patches-Overwatch-Working |title=With Wine Git, You Can Run The D3D11 Blizzard Overwatch Game On Linux |publisher=Phoronix |date=2016-12-12}} 46. ^See the "Windows service" article 47. ^{{cite web | url=https://winehq.org/announce/1.3.4 | title=The Wine development release 1.3.4 announcement | publisher=Winehq.org | accessdate=15 October 2010}} 48. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.winehq.org/docs/wine |title=WINE |website=WineHQ |publisher= |access-date=2017-04-29 |quote=}} 49. ^{{cite web |url=https://linuxconfig.org/configuring-wine-with-winecfg |title=Configuring WINE with Winecfg |author=Nick Congleton |date=2016-10-26 |website=LinuxConfig |publisher= |access-date=2017-04-29 |quote=}} 50. ^{{cite web | url=https://wiki.winehq.org/ThirdPartyApplications | title=Third Party Applications | publisher=Official Wine Wiki | accessdate=3 January 2009}} 51. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2025909/gaming-on-linux-a-guide-for-sane-people-with-limited-patience.html |title=Gaming on Linux: A guide for sane people with limited patience| publisher=PCWorld | accessdate=January 11, 2015}} 52. ^{{cite web |url=http://wiki.winehq.org/winetricks |title=winetricks - The Official Wine Wiki |author=VitalyLipatov |date=2011-03-30 |accessdate=2 August 2011}} 53. ^{{cite web | url=https://wiki.winehq.org/winetricks | title=winetricks | publisher=Official Wine Wiki | accessdate=3 January 2009}} 54. ^{{cite web | url=http://winedoors.sourceforge.net/ | title=Wine doors | publisher=Wine doors | accessdate=27 April 2010}} 55. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.tatanka.com.br/ |title = IEs4Linux |publisher = Tatanka.com.br |accessdate = 27 April 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080820055126/http://www.tatanka.com.br/ |archivedate = 20 August 2008 |df = dmy-all}} 56. ^{{cite web | url=http://wineskin.urgesoftware.com/ | title=Wineskin}} 57. ^{{cite web | url=http://openindiana.org/pipermail/openindiana-discuss/2010-October/thread.html#544 | title=OpenIndiana Bordeaux announcement | publisher=OpenIndiana-announce mailing list | accessdate=1 October 2010}} 58. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.bordeauxgroup.com/press-release/bordeaux-openindiana |title = Bordeaux group press release |publisher = Bordeaux group site |accessdate = 1 October 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007205027/http://www.bordeauxgroup.com/press-release/bordeaux-openindiana |archivedate = 7 October 2010 |df = dmy-all}} 59. ^{{cite web |url = https://wiki.winehq.org/DirectX-Shaders |title = DirectX-Shaders |publisher = Official Wine Wiki |accessdate = 3 January 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090101022401/http://wiki.winehq.org/DirectX-Shaders |archive-date = 1 January 2009 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}} 60. ^{{cite web |url=https://wiki.winehq.org/List_of_Commands |title=List of Commands |date=2016-04-12 |website=WineHQ |publisher= |access-date=2017-04-29 |quote=}} 61. ^{{cite web | url=http://media.codeweavers.com/pub/crossover/case_studies/WinLegacySupport.pdf | title=Windows Legacy Application Support Under Wine | accessdate=9 December 2010}} 62. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.maximumpc.com/article/still_need_to_run_windows_apps_have_a_glass_of_wine | title=Still need to run Windows apps? Have a glass of wine | first=Robert | last=Strohmeyer | date= 6 April 2007 | accessdate=9 December 2010}} 63. ^{{cite web | url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/896458 | title=64-bit versions of Windows do not support 16-bit components, 16-bit processes, or 16-bit applications | accessdate=22 August 2015}} 64. ^{{cite web | url=http://windowsitpro.com/systems-management/why-cant-i-install-16-bit-programs-computer-running-64-bit-version-windows-xp | title=Why can't I install 16-bit programs on a computer running the 64-bit version of Windows XP? | first=John | last=Savill | date=11 February 2002 | accessdate=9 December 2010}} 65. ^{{cite web | url = https://winehq.org/docs/wineusr-guide/cui-programs | title = Text mode programs (CUI: Console User Interface) | publisher=Wine User Guide | accessdate=22 May 2010}} 66. ^{{cite mailing list | first=Maarten | last=Lankhorst | url= https://winehq.org/pipermail/wine-devel/2008-December/070941.html | title = Wine64 hello world app runs! | date = 5 December 2008 | mailinglist=wine-devel | accessdate =15 December 2008}} 67. ^{{cite web |url = https://wiki.winehq.org/Wine64ForPackagers |title = Wine64 for packagers |publisher = Official Wine Wiki |accessdate = 20 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100425050000/http://wiki.winehq.org/Wine64ForPackagers |archive-date = 25 April 2010 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}} 68. ^{{cite web | url=https://wiki.winehq.org/ARM | title=ARM support | publisher=The Official Wine Wiki | accessdate=20 August 2011}} 69. ^http://dawncrow.de/wine/winece.html 70. ^{{cite web|url=https://winehq.org/pipermail/wine-users/2011-March/087629.html |title=[Wine] Re: Wine sometime really surprise me |date= |accessdate=15 February 2013}} 71. ^{{cite web|url=https://bugs.winehq.org/show_bug.cgi?id=26715 |title=WineHQ Bugzilla – Bug 26715 – Win1.0 executable triggers Dosbox |date= |accessdate=15 February 2013}} 72. ^{{cite web|url=https://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=8 |title=WineHQ – Internet Explorer 5.0 |date= |accessdate=15 January 2014}} 73. ^{{cite web|url=https://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=240 |title=WineHQ – Internet Explorer 5.5 |date= |accessdate=15 January 2014}} 74. ^{{cite web |url=https://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?versionId=469 |title=WineHQ – Internet Explorer 6.0 |date= |accessdate=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116130224/http://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?versionId=469 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 75. ^{{cite web|url=https://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=4195 |title=WineHQ – Internet Explorer 7.0 (32-bit) |date= |accessdate=15 January 2014}} 76. ^{{cite web|url=https://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=22194 |title=WineHQ – Internet Explorer 7.0 (64-bit) |date= |accessdate=15 January 2014}} 77. ^{{cite web|url=https://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=16041 |title=WineHQ – Internet Explorer 8.0 for NT 5.1 |date= |accessdate=15 January 2014}} 78. ^{{cite web|url=https://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=23214&iTestingId=67441 |title=WineHQ – Internet Explorer 9.0 for NT 6.1 (32-bit) |date= |accessdate=15 January 2014}} 79. ^{{cite web|url=https://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=23215 |title=WineHQ – Internet Explorer 9.0 for NT 6.1 (64-bit) |date= |accessdate=15 January 2014}} 80. ^{{cite web|url=https://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=version&iId=28535 |title=WineHQ – Internet Explorer 10.0 for NT 6.1 (x64) |date= |accessdate=15 January 2014}} 81. ^{{cite web|url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-users/2012-June/261480.html |title=So far, I do not manage to install IES4Linux |date=22 June 2012 }} 82. ^{{cite news |first = Brian |last = Vincent |url = https://winehq.com/?issue=208 |title = WineConf 2004 Summary |date = 3 February 2004 |issue = 208 |work = Wine Weekly News |publisher = WineHQ.org |accessdate = 3 January 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061231090654/http://www.winehq.com/?issue=208 |archivedate = 31 December 2006 |df = dmy-all}} 83. ^{{cite web |url = https://winehq.org/status/directx |title = Wine Status – DirectX DLLs |publisher = WineHQ.org |accessdate = 3 January 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081226133323/http://www.winehq.org/status/directx |archivedate = 26 December 2008 |df = dmy-all}} 84. ^{{cite web | url=http://tech.slashdot.org/story/07/01/10/1924235/codeweavers-releases-crossover-6-for-mac-and-linux | title=CodeWeavers Releases CrossOver 6 for Mac and Linux | publisher=Slashdot | accessdate=3 January 2009}} 85. ^{{cite web |url=https://codeweavers.com/products/faq/change_log/ |title=CrossOver – Change Log – CodeWeavers |accessdate=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819183838/http://www.codeweavers.com/products/faq/change_log/ |archive-date=19 August 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 86. ^{{cite web | url=https://codeweavers.com/products/cxgames/ | title=CrossOver Games site | publisher=CodeWeavers | date=6 January 1990 | accessdate=27 April 2010}} 87. ^{{cite web |url = https://gametreelinux.com |title = GameTree Developer Program |publisher = gametreelinux.com |accessdate = 2 January 2011 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110110171608/http://gametreelinux.com/ |archivedate = 10 January 2011 |df = dmy-all}} 88. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.pcweek.ru/infrastructure/article/detail.php?ID=72021 | title=WINE@Etersoft – Russian proprietary fork of Wine | publisher=Pcweek.ru | date=21 April 2010 | accessdate=27 April 2010|language=ru}} 89. ^1 [https://winebottler.kronenberg.org WineBottler Homepage] 90. ^{{cite web | url=https://wiki.winehq.org/MacOSX | title=Mac OS X at WineHQ | publisher=WineHQ | accessdate=20 March 2013}} 91. ^{{cite web|url=http://phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTI5MjA |title=[Phoronix] Wine On Android Is Coming For Running Windows Apps |date=3 February 2013}} 92. ^https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/android/ 93. ^{{cite web | url=http://fds-team.de/cms/articles/2013-08/pipelight-using-silverlight-in-linux-browsers.html | title=Pipelight: using Silverlight in Linux browsers | publisher=FDS-Team | accessdate=4 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822084051/http://fds-team.de/cms/articles/2013-08/pipelight-using-silverlight-in-linux-browsers.html | archive-date=22 August 2013 | dead-url=yes | df=dmy-all }} 94. ^{{cite web|url=https://github.com/compholio/wine-compholio-daily | title=wine-compholio-daily README | publisher=github | accessdate=4 April 2014}} 95. ^{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/07/02/moving-to-html5-premium-media/|title=Moving to HTML5 Premium Media|last=Smith|first=Jerry|date=2 July 2015|website=Microsoft Edge Blog|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=10 February 2019}} 96. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=Steam for Linux :: Introducing a new version of Steam Play |url=https://steamcommunity.com/games/221410/announcements/detail/1696055855739350561 |publisher=Valve Software |accessdate=22 August 2018}} 97. ^{{cite web |title=vkd3d.git project summary |url=https://source.winehq.org/git/vkd3d.git/ |publisher=WineHQ Git |accessdate=22 August 2018}} 98. ^{{cite web |title=DXVK GitHub repository |url=https://github.com/doitsujin/dxvk |publisher=GitHub |accessdate=22 August 2018}} 99. ^{{cite web |title=GitHub: README for esync |url=https://github.com/zfigura/wine/blob/esync/README.esync |publisher=GitHub |accessdate=22 August 2018}} 100. ^{{cite web |title=Proton GitHub repository |url=https://github.com/ValveSoftware/Proton/ |publisher=GitHub |accessdate=22 August 2018}} 101. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.reactos.org/en/dev_faq.html |title = Developer FAQ |publisher = ReactOS |accessdate = 25 May 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081113104906/http://www.reactos.org/en/dev_faq.html |archivedate = 13 November 2008 |df = dmy-all}} 102. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.mail-archive.com/ros-diffs@reactos.org/msg01658.html | title=Creation of Arwinss branch | publisher=Mail-archive.com | date=17 July 2009 | accessdate=27 April 2010}} 103. ^{{cite web | url=https://reactos.org/wiki/Arwinss | title=Arwinss at ReactOS wiki | publisher=Reactos.org | date=20 February 2010 | accessdate=27 April 2010}} 104. ^{{cite web | url=https://reactos.org/archives/public/ros-dev/2010-January/012709.html | title=Arwinss presentation | publisher=Reactos.org | accessdate=27 April 2010}} 105. ^{{cite web | url=http://wineskin.urgesoftware.com/tiki-index.php?page=FAQ | title=Wineskin FAQ | publisher=doh123 | accessdate=7 November 2012}} 106. ^{{cite newsgroup | url=http://archive09.linux.com/feature/42031 | title=Running Windows viruses with Wine | author=Matt Moen | date=26 January 2005 | accessdate=23 October 2009}} 107. ^{{cite web |url = https://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ?action=recall&rev=312#head-96bebfa287b4288974de0df23351f278b0d41014 |title = Should I run Wine as root? |work = Wine Wiki FAQ |publisher = Official Wine Wiki |date = 7 August 2009 |accessdate = 24 August 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110621230323/http://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ?action=recall&rev=312#head-96bebfa287b4288974de0df23351f278b0d41014#head-96bebfa287b4288974de0df23351f278b0d41014 |archive-date = 21 June 2011 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}} 108. ^{{cite web | url=http://zerowine.sourceforge.net/ | title=ZeroWine project home page}} 109. ^{{cite web | title=Linux/BSD still exposed to WMF exploit through WINE! | url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/ou/linuxbsd-still-exposed-to-wmf-exploit-through-wine/146}} 110. ^{{cite web |url = http://pages.prodigy.net/michaln/history/os2warp/index.html |title = OS/2 Warp history |author = Michal Necasek |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100412042723/http://pages.prodigy.net/michaln/history/os2warp/index.html |archivedate = 12 April 2010 |df = dmy-all}} 111. ^{{cite web |url = https://wiki.winehq.org/Debunking_Wine_Myths#head-9af2c83644754ac9805dc929403ca0440c96c383 |title = Debunking Wine Myths |author = Bernhard Rosenkraenzer |access-date = 21 October 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160111004546/http://wiki.winehq.org/Debunking_Wine_Myths#head-9af2c83644754ac9805dc929403ca0440c96c383#head-9af2c83644754ac9805dc929403ca0440c96c383 |archive-date = 11 January 2016 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}} 112. ^{{cite web | url=https://wiki.winehq.org/ImportanceOfWine | title=Why Wine is so important | accessdate=11 December 2011}} 113. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20010511055620/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/may01/wine/ Ports vs. Wine] Gamespot (Article by James Hills) 114. ^[https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=linux_gaming_frank&num=3 An Interview With A Linux Game Porter] Phoronix, 3 July 2009 (Article by Michael Larabel) 115. ^{{cite mailing list | first = Ivan Leo | last = Puoti | url=https://www.winehq.org/pipermail/wine-devel/2005-February/033868.html | title=Microsoft genuine downloads looking for Wine | date=18 February 2005 | mailinglist=wine-devel | accessdate=23 January 2006}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category}}
9 : 1993 software|Compatibility layers|Computing platforms|Cross-platform software|Free software programmed in C|Free system software|Linux APIs|Linux emulation software|Wine (compatibility layer) |
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