| 词条 | Chihuahuita, Texas |
| 释义 |
|name=Chihuahuita, Texas |official_name= |other_name= |native_name= |nickname= |settlement_type= |image_skyline= |imagesize= |image_caption=Chihuahuita house next to the border fence. |image_map= |mapsize= |map_caption= |pushpin_map= |pushpin_label_position= |pushpin_map_caption= |pushpin_mapsize= |subdivision_type=Country |subdivision_name={{Flagu|United States}} |subdivision_type1=State |subdivision_name1={{flag|Texas}} |subdivision_type2=City |subdivision_name2= El Paso |subdivision_type3= |subdivision_name3= |subdivision_type4= |subdivision_name4= |government_footnotes= |government_type= |leader_title= |leader_name= |leader_title1= |leader_name1= |established_title= |established_date= |area_magnitude= |unit_pref=US |area_footnotes= |area_land_sq_mi= |area_water_sq_mi= |area_water_percent= |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m= |elevation_ft= |elevation_max_m= |elevation_max_ft= |elevation_min_m= |elevation_min_ft= |population_as_of= |population_footnotes= |population_note= |population_total= |population_density_sq_mi= |utc_offset=-7 |timezone1=Mountain Time Zone |utc_offset_DST=-6 |coordinates = {{coord|31.750|-106.490|type:city_region:US-TX|display=title}} |postal_code_type=ZIP Code |postal_code= 79901 |area_code= }} Chihuahuita (or Little Chihuahua){{Sfn|Perales|2010|p=47}} is a neighborhood in El Paso, Texas. It has also been known as the "First Ward."{{Sfn|Morales|2007|p=1}} It is considered the oldest neighborhood in the city. It has also suffered through extreme poverty in its history. It is currently on the Most Endangered Historic Places list as compiled by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.[2][3] It is located on the border of the Rio Grande at the United States-Mexico border. For most of the twentieth century, the name Chihuahuita was used to refer to all of southern El Paso, often including El Segundo Barrio.{{Sfn|Morales|2007|p=1}} In 1991, Chihuahuita was designated as a historic district by the city of El Paso.{{Sfn|Morales|2007|p=1}} HistoryEarly historyChihuahuita's history dates back over 400 years.[4] Prior to European arrival, Manso Indians lived on the land.[4] The first European in the area was Francisco Sanchez who introduced horses and other livestock to the area in 1581.{{Sfn|Morales|2007|p=1}} A Spanish explorer who visited Chihuahuita called it Los Vueltos del Rio, or Turns of the River in 1583.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=134}} A Catholic missionary, Fray Alonso de Benavides attempted and failed to convert the Manso to Christianity in 1630.{{Sfn|Morales|2007|p=2}} Fray Garcia de San Francisco y Zuniga was more successful in establishing himself in the area. He built a mission, "Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de los Mansos del Paso del Norte," in 1659 and forced the Manso to dig irrigation ditches and dams in the area.{{Sfn|Morales|2007|p=2}} In 1768, residents of the area under the leadership of Don Joseph Sobrado y Horcasitas built a dam called La Presa to help contain the Rio Grande in the area which often flooded.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=134}} 1800sIn 1818, Ricardo Brusuelas received a land grant from Spain where he developed a ranch.[5] Bruseuelas ranch, once established, encouraged other Mexicans to move to Chihuahuita.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=136}} The Santa Fe Railroad was built in the area in 1881.[6] In the 1890s, more Mexican people migrated north and the area started to be known as Chihuahuita.{{Sfn|Garcia|1981|p=130}} Flooding in 1897 was especially severe in Chihuahuita, ruining many homes.{{Sfn|Garcia|1981|p=139-140}} A gas plant was built at South Chihuahua and Third streets in 1882.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=134}} An electric power plant was constructed by the El Paso Electric Railway Company at Fourth and Santa Fe streets in 1901.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=138}} A severe criticism of Chihuahuita at the time included its illegal saloons and red light district.[7] However, the city of El Paso itself had moved all regulated prostitution into Chihuahuita in the late 1800s.{{Sfn|Gabbert|2003|p=587}} Prostitutes were charged an operating fee of $5.00 per week.{{Sfn|Gabbert|2003|p=577}} 1900sThe 1910 Mexican Revolution resulted in numerous Mexicans moving north to Chihuahuita,[5] many as refugees.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=139}} Residents of Chihuahuita sympathized with the insurrectos, or revolutionaries.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=139}} The majority of Mexicans settled in Chihuahuita because the housing was more affordable there.{{Sfn|Wood|2001|p=495-496}} Poor sanitary conditions in the area were described by the El Paso Herald early on.[8][9] Physicians, including Dr. Michael P. Schuster, husband of Eugenia Schuster, reported unhealthful conditions and advocated for improved sewage and free garbage pick-up.[9] Many Mexican families put up with the poverty and unhealthy conditions because they believed they would be able to save enough money to return to Mexico in improved financial standing.{{Sfn|Garcia|1980|p=320}} Progressive-era reformers in El Paso looked to Chihuahuita as an area that needed attention.{{Sfn|Wood|2001|p=496}}[10] A physician, J.A. Samaniego, appealed to the city on June 16, 1910 to create trash collection in the area.{{Sfn|Wood|2001|p=496}} The city council then followed up in July with plans for road paving and expansion of water services.{{Sfn|Wood|2001|p=496}} The health department also identified 1,500 houses for demolition in September 1910 and that landowners, rather than tenants should be responsible for housing safety.{{Sfn|Wood|2001|p=496}} In 1911, Chihuahuita was known country-wide for having an extremely high mortality rate, twice as high as areas in New York City.[11] City plans in 1912 included standardizing and paving the roads and improving living conditions for residents of the neighborhood.[12] Problems concerning infrastructure and community health in Chihuahuita were compounded by the lack of action on behalf of the city of El Paso, who made plans, but did not always follow through.[13] The El Paso Herald wrote that the city was neglecting half of its citizens.[14] However, another Herald article urged the city to "annex Chihuahuita," and considered the area a colony of Mexico.[15]The city of El Paso proposed a program of demolishing unsuitable housing, "one block a week," in 1914.[16] General John J. Pershing offered to clean up the area himself,[16] and said he could introduce "modern sanitary methods."[14] The military's presence near the area did seem to have an effect, with the El Paso Herald reporting "The cleanliness of the infantry camp and the activity of the city health officers has resulted in Chihuahuita turning over a new leaf. Chihuahuita is clean."[17] However, in 1915, a report of the area wrote, "Probably in no place in the United States could such crude, beastly, primitive conditions be found as exist in Chihuahuita."{{Sfn|Wood|2001|p=497-498}} The El Paso Herlad wrote about how it was a potential "plague spot."[18] The Herald also described how residents were being charged high rates in exchange for substandard conditions.[18] In 1916, the city dealt with Chihuahuita's many health and infrastructure problems by destroying much of the area's housing, displacing residents, many of whom moved back to Ciudad Juarez.{{Sfn|Wood|2001|p=498}} A new tax in the form of a $5 license for manufacturers and sellers of food and food products was enacted by the city in 1917.[19] This license forced many producers and food vendors in Chihuahuita to go out of business because it was too expensive to pay.[19] Health issues in the area continued to be noticed through 1922.[20][21] However, spraying pesticides targeting mosquitoes in the area in the 1930s and increased immunization rates of children in the area helped reduce the number of health issues in the area.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=140}} Improvements to the area, despite being recommended by individuals such as George E. Kessler, were largely ignored by the city.[22] As the Great Depression hit the country, the poor in Chihuahuita were also affected.[22] Housing projects were built by the El Paso Housing Authority in the 1940s.[22] Also in the 1940s and 50s, gangs of Pachucos heavily influenced Chihuahuita.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=140}} Gangs such as the Canal Kids, Sinners, Las Pompas, La Chihua and the Roadblockers took over much of the area.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=140}} In the 1950s, the streets of Chihuahuita were finally paved.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=140}} People were still living in tenements "where as many as ten families shared a single toilet and relied on a central hydrant for water," according to Monica Perales.{{Sfn|Perales|2010|p=237}} "General clean up" of the area included a "majority of the houses and buildings condemned and destroyed," according to the El Paso Herald-Post in 1964.[23] In the 1970s and 1980s, Chihuahuita was a "hot spot" for selling and buying heroin and the trade was run by Gilberto Ontiveros, also known as El Greñas.{{Sfn|Campbell|2009|p=59}} During this time, there was a strong gang in the area known as the Chihuahuita gang.{{Sfn|Campbell|2009|p=57}} Residents also began to seek historic designation in 1979.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=144}} The area was designated as a historic district finally in 1991.{{Sfn|Morales|2007|p=1}} Many Mexicans used Chihuahuita as a place to cross into the United States to search for work during the 1990s.[24] In 1993, Chief Agent Silvestre Reyes implemented "Operation Blockade," which increased the number of Border Patrol officers in the area.[24] The strategy did decrease the number of illegal crossings in Chihuahuita.[24][25] Reyes' policy emphasized border security, rather than the number of arrests.[26] The blockade helped residents because gangs in Chihuahuita used to prey on the undocumented immigrants there and cause problems for those in the neighborhood.[27] However, a survey conducted by the Border Rights Coalition in 1993 discovered that around 35% of Chihuahuita's residents didn't feel any safer despite the efforts of Border Patrol officers.{{Sfn|Dunn|2009|p=73}} Data collected between 1994 and 1996 do show a decrease in crime, with a 92% drop in Chihuahuita after Operation Blockade.{{Sfn|Dunn|2009|p=82}} 2000sWhen the wire-mesh border fence was built in 2008 on the Mexico-United States border, with part of it bordering Chihuahuita, it blocked the view of the green Rio Grande and canal area.[28] Residents say that the fence has stopped illegal immigration in the area.[6] Some residents report that they miss being able to swim in the canal.[29] An exhibit featuring Chihuahuita opened at the El Paso Museum of History in 2014.[30] CityscapeChihuahuita is the oldest area of El Paso.[24] It is located in the southern-most area of the city and is between downtown El Paso and the rail yards.{{Sfn|Perales|2010|p=47}} It lies along the Mexico-United States border.{{Sfn|Perales|2010|p=47}} When the city designated it as a historic district, the boundaries of the neighborhood included Canal Street on the north, the Franklin Canal in the south and Santa Fe Street to the East.{{Sfn|City of El Paso, Texas|1994|p=10}} The area is around a quarter of a mile in size.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=134}} A historical survey of the area is planned to take place in 2017.[31] DemographicsHistorically Mexicans settled in Chihuahuita. In 1920, 95% of residents were Mexican and in 1930, 97% had Mexican roots.{{Sfn|Perales|2010|p=47}} Currently (as of 2017) around 100 families live in the area.[6] Parks and recreationCity plans for Chihuahuita included parks and swimming areas in 1912.[12] Census records for 1910 showed that nearly half of all school-aged children in El Paso lived in the Chihuahuita district.[32] Recreational areas were proposed in 1922, and considered a priority by George E. Kessler, a landscape engineer.[33] The area he recommended consisted of two blocks next to Aoy School in the neighborhood and would include a playground and general recreation area.[33] Chihuahuita Recreation Center on Charles Street offers sports and summer camps for youth.[34] It was first opened in 1981.{{Sfn|Metz|1999|p=144}} Notable residents
See also
ReferencesCitations1. ^ 2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/el-paso/2016/10/05/segundo-barrio-chihuahuita-endangered-list/91548474/|title=Segundo Barrio, Chihuahuita on endangered list|last=Sanchez|first=Sara|date=5 October 2016|work=El Paso Times|access-date=2017-04-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://savingplaces.org/places/el-paso-neighborhoods|title=11 Most Endangered: Chihuahuita and El Segundo Barrio|last=|first=|date=|work=National Trust for Historic Preservation|access-date=2017-04-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}} 4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://epcc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=346448&sid=2834843|title=Chihuahuita Site, El Paso, Texas|last=Morales|first=Fred|last2=Carter|first2=Jamie|date=2002|website=Borderlands|publisher=EPCC Library|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=18 April 2017|last3=Torok|first3=George D.}} 5. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://digie.org/media/13783|title=Chihuahuita Historic District|last=|first=|date=29 October 2014|website=Digie|publisher=El Paso Museum of History|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=18 April 2017}} 6. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=http://diario.mx/El_Paso/2017-04-01_086c0456/freno-valla-el-cruce-de-drogas-por-chihuahuita/|title=Frenó valla el cruce de drogas por Chihuahuita|last=Murcia|first=Diego|date=2 April 2017|work=El Diario de Juárez|access-date=2017-04-26|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=es}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10516420/|title=Grand Jury Suggests the Abolition of Reservation|last=|first=|date=3 May 1913|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10512772/|title=Sanitary Reform in Chihuahuita and Its Need|last=|first=|date=12 August 1905|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 9. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10516145/|title=Mexican Section of the City is in a Very Unhealthful Condition|last=|first=|date=5 March 1902|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10515732/|title=Chihuahuita Needs Thorough Cleaning Up|last=|first=|date=3 October 1913|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10511228/|title=In the Name of Enlightened Selfishness|last=|first=|date=20 November 2017|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 12. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10511989/|title=Outline Of a City Plan, Park and Boulevard Scheme for El Paso|last=|first=|date=23 November 1912|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10511573/|title=Who is Responsible for Chihuahuita?|last=|first=|date=29 March 1913|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 14. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10512367/|title=The Chance El Paso Has Longed For|last=|first=|date=25 May 1914|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10515430/|title=It Might Be Wise to Annex Chihuahuita As Part of City Building Plan|last=S.|first=H. D.|date=1 May 1915|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 16. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10511048/|title=Destruction That Means Progress|last=|first=|date=22 August 1914|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10512186/|title=Sanitation is Watchword Now in Chihuahuita|last=|first=|date=28 May 1914|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 18. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10510733/|title=The Problem of Chihuahuita: Will We Clean Up Now or Take Chances|last=M.|first=G. A.|date=30 November 1915|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 19. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10515573/|title=New Law Makes for Clean Food|last=|first=|date=18 October 1917|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10515505/|title=It Can't Be Dodged|last=|first=|date=13 February 1915|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 21. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10515942/|title=Chihuahuita Shames El Paso; Big Problem the City Must Solve|last=|first=|date=5 September 1922|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 22. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Uhl|first=David|last2=Meglorino|first2=Moses|date=1994|title=Chihuahuita in the 1930s: Tough Times in the Barrio|url=http://epcc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=309255&sid=2621839|journal=Borderlands|volume=12|pages=}} 23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10519531/|title=Chihuahuita, the little Mexi-|last=|first=|date=20 August 1964|work=El Paso Herald-Post|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 24. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-11-25/news/9311250045_1_chihuahuita-border-patrol-number-of-illegal-crossings|title=Texans Hail Rio Grande `Blockade'|last=Schodolski|first=Vincent|date=25 November 1993|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}} 25. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10518841/|title=What Does a 'Secure' Border Look Like?|last=Sherman|first=Christopher|date=24 February 2013|work=The Brownsville Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 26. ^{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-10-02/news/mn-41454_1_border-patrol|title=Texas Border Crackdown Stems Tide, Raises Tensions|last=Rotella|first=Sebastian|date=1993-10-02|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-04-25|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}} 27. ^{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-14/news/mn-45802_1_el-paso/2|title=El Paso Blockade Holding Fast on Illegal Crossings : Border: Influx of immigrants along the patrolled 20-mile area is down 73%. Crime also has eased.|last=Serrano|first=Richard A.|date=1994-04-14|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-04-25|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}} 28. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/08/world/americas/before-the-wall-life-along-the-us-mexico-border.html|title=Before the Wall: Life Along the U.S.-Mexico Border|last=Fernandez|first=Azam Ahmed, Manny|date=2017-02-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-04-25|last2=Villegas|first2=Paulina|issn=0362-4331}} 29. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.kvia.com/news/border/special-report-residents-living-along-border-weigh-in-on-proposed-wall-existing-fence/314509760|title=Special report: Residents living along border weigh in on proposed wall, existing fence|last=Casillas|first=Mauricio|date=2017-02-07|work=KVIA|access-date=2017-04-26|language=en-US}} 30. ^{{Cite news|url=http://borderzine.com/2014/06/exhibit-brings-to-life-the-memories-of-two-of-el-pasos-first-neighborhoods/|title=Exhibit brings to life the memories of two of El Paso's first neighborhoods - Borderzine|last=Gonzales|first=Serjio A.|date=2014-06-13|work=Borderzine|access-date=2017-04-25|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}} 31. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/2017/04/24/county-conduct-downtown-historical-survey/100856826/|title=County to conduct Downtown historical survey|last=Figueroa|first=Lorena|date=24 April 2017|work=El Paso Times|access-date=2017-04-27|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}} 32. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10516666/|title=Census Gives El Paso 11,000 of Scholastic Age|last=|first=|date=28 May 1914|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 33. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10511817/|title=Recreation Grounds for Chihuahuita Are First Claim On City|last=|first=|date=15 November 1922|work=El Paso Herald|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 34. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/life/people/2016/07/27/facesplaces-can-camp/87578572/|title=Faces+Places: I Can Camp|last=|first=|date=27 July 2016|work=El Paso Times|access-date=2017-04-24|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}} Sources
External links
3 : Neighborhoods in El Paso, Texas|Hispanic and Latino|Geography of El Paso, Texas |
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