“Wingsuit flying”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Wingsuit flying (or wingsuiting) is the sport of flying through the air using a wingsuit which adds surface area to the human body to enable a significant increase in lift. The modern wingsuit, first developed in the late 1990s, creates a surface area with fabric between the legs and under the arms. Wingsuits are sometimes referred to as "birdman suits" (after the makers of the first commercially available wingsuit), "squirrel suits" (due to their resemblance to the animal), and "bat suits" (due to their resemblance to the animal or perhaps the superhero).

A wingsuit flight normally ends by deploying a parachute, and so a wingsuit can be flown from any point that provides sufficient altitude for flight and parachute deployment—normally a skydiving drop aircraft, or BASE-jump exit point such as a tall cliff or a safe mountain top. The wingsuit flier wears parachute equipment specially designed for skydiving or BASE jumping. While the parachute flight is normal, the canopy pilot typically unzips arm wings (after deployment) to be able to reach the steering parachute toggles and control the descent path.

History

An early attempt at wingsuit flying was made on 4 February 1912 by a 33-year-old tailor, Franz Reichelt, who jumped from the Eiffel Tower to test his invention of a combination of parachute and wing, which was similar to modern wingsuits. He misled the guards by saying that the experiment was going to be conducted with a dummy. He hesitated quite a long time before he jumped, and was killed when he hit the ground head first, opening a measurable hole in the frozen ground.^[1]

A wingsuit was first used in the US in 1930 by a 19-year-old American, Rex Finney of Los Angeles, California, as an attempt to increase horizontal movement and maneuverability during a parachute jump.^[2]^[3] These early wingsuits were made of materials such as canvas, wood, silk, steel, and whalebone. They were not very reliable, although some "birdmen", notably Clem Sohn and Leo Valentin, claimed to have glided for miles.

In the mid-1990s, the modern wingsuit was developed by Patrick de Gayardon of France, adapted from the model used by John Carta. In 1997, the Bulgarian Sammy Popov designed and built a wingsuit which had a larger wing between the legs and longer wings on the arms. His prototype was developed at Boulder City, Nevada. Testing was conducted in a vertical wind tunnel in Las Vegas at Flyaway Las Vegas. Popov's wingsuit first flew in October 1998 over Jean, Nevada, but it never went into commercial production. Popov's design was a great improvement in creating lift; it was able to slow the vertical speed to 30 km/h while gliding horizontally at speeds over 300 km/h (186 mph). In 1998, Chuck "Da Kine" Raggs built a version which incorporated hard ribs inside the wing airfoils. Although these more rigid wings were better able to keep their shape in flight, this made the wingsuit heavier and more difficult to fly. Raggs' design also never went into commercial production. Flying together for the first time, Popov and Raggs showcased their designs side-by-side at the World Free-fall Convention at Quincy, Illinois, in August 1999. Both designs performed well. At the same event, multiple-formation wingsuit skydives were made which included de Gayardon's, Popov's, and Raggs' suits.

Commercial era

In 1999, Jari Kuosma of Finland and Robert Pečnik of Croatia teamed up to create a wingsuit that was safe and accessible to all skydivers. Kuosma established Bird-Man International Ltd. the same year. BirdMan's "Classic", designed by Pečnik, was the first wingsuit offered to the general skydiving public. BirdMan was the first manufacturer to advocate the safe use of wingsuits by creating an instructor program. Created by Kuosma, the instructor program's aim was to remove the stigma that wingsuits were dangerous and to provide wingsuit beginners (generally, skydivers with a minimum of 200 jumps) with a way to safely enjoy what was once considered the most dangerous feat in the skydiving world. With the help of Birdman instructors Scott Campos, Chuck Blue and Kim Griffin, a standardized program of instruction was developed that prepared instructors.^[4] Wingsuit manufacturers Squirrel Wingsuits, TonySuits Wingsuits, Phoenix-Fly, Fly Your Body, and Nitro Rigging have also instituted coach training programs.

Despite the training and regulation, wingsuit BASE jumping remains a precarious pastime. A 2012 University of Colorado study found that for Wingsuit BASE jumping there was approximately one severe injury for every 500 jumps undertaken.^[5]

Technical mechanics

The wingsuit flier enters free fall wearing both a wingsuit and parachute equipment. Exiting an aircraft in a wingsuit requires skilled techniques that differ depending on the location and size of the aircraft door. These techniques include the orientation relative to the aircraft and the airflow while exiting, and the way in which fliers spread their legs and arms at the proper time so as not to hit the aircraft or become unstable. The wingsuit immediately starts to fly upon exiting the aircraft in the relative wind generated by the forward speed of the aircraft. Exiting from a BASE jumping site, such as a cliff, or exiting from a helicopter, a paraglider, or a hot air balloon, is fundamentally different from exiting a moving aircraft, as the initial airspeed upon exit is absent. In these situations, a vertical drop using the forces of gravity to accelerate is required to generate the airspeed that wingsuits need to generate lift.

At a planned altitude above the ground in which a skydiver or BASE jumper typically deploys the parachute, wingsuit fliers will also deploy their parachutes. The parachute is flown to a controlled landing at the desired landing spot using typical skydiving or BASE jumping techniques.

A wingsuit modifies the body area exposed to wind to increase the desired amount of lift with respect to drag generated by the body. With training, wingsuit pilots can achieve sustained glide ratio of 2.5:1 or more.^[6] This means that for every meter dropped, two and a half meters are gained moving forward. With body shape manipulation and by choosing the design characteristics of the wingsuit, fliers can alter both their forward speed and fall rate. The pilot manipulates these flight characteristics by changing the shape of the torso, de-arching and rolling the shoulders and moving hips and knees, and by changing the angle of attack in which the wingsuit flies in the relative wind, and by the amount of tension applied to the fabric wings of the suit. The absence of a vertical stabilizing surface results in little damping around the yaw axis, so poor flying technique can result in a spin that requires active effort on the part of the skydiver to stop.

Wingsuit pilots often use tools including portable GPS receivers to record their flight path. This data can be analyzed later to evaluate flight performance in terms of fall rate, speed, and glide ratio. When jumping for the first time at a new location, BASE jumpers will often evaluate terrain using maps and laser range finders. By comparing a known terrain profile with previously recorded flight data, jumpers can objectively evaluate whether a particular jump is possible.^[7]

BASE jumpers also use landmarks, along with recorded video of their flight, to determine their performance relative to previous flights and the flights of other BASE jumpers at the same site.

A typical skydiver's terminal velocity in belly to earth orientation ranges from 180–225 km/h (110 to 140 mph). A wingsuit can reduce these speeds dramatically. A vertical instantaneous velocity of 40 km/h (25 mph) has been recorded {{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}. However the speed at which the body advances forward through the air is still much higher (up to 100 km/h [62 mph]).

The tri-wing wingsuit has three individual ram-air wings attached under the arms and between the legs. The mono-wing wingsuit design incorporates the whole suit into one large wing.

Modern wingsuits use a combination of materials in order to create an airfoil shape. The main surface is typically made from ripstop nylon, with various materials used to reinforce the leading edge, and reduce drag.^[8]

Wingsuit BASE

As compared to skydiving from an airplane, BASE jumping involves jumping from a "fixed object" such as a cliff. BASE jumping in its modern form has existed since at least 1978, but it was not until 1997 that Patrick de Gayardon made some of the first ever wingsuit BASE jumps combining the two disciplines.^[9]

Compared to normal BASE jumping, wingsuit BASE jumping allows pilots to fly far away from the cliffs they jumped from, and drastically increase their freefall time before deploying a parachute. Since 2003, many BASE jumpers have started using wingsuits, giving birth to wingsuit BASE.^[10]

The wingsuit pilot jumps from a cliff, and within a split second, an intake fills the suit’s baffled chambers with air, turning them rigid. By holding a proper body position, the wingsuit pilot is able to glide forward at a ratio of 3:1, meaning that he is moving forward three feet for every foot of descent.^[11]

As suit technology and pilot skill have improved, wingsuit BASE jumpers have learned to control their flight so well that they can fly just meters away from terrain. The practice of flying a wingsuit close to the faces and ridges of mountains is called proximity flying. By flying near terrain, wingsuit pilots feel a greater sense of speed due to having a close visual reference. Loic Jean-Albert of France is one of the first proximity flyers, and his pioneering flying brought many BASE jumpers into the sport.^[12] In November 2012, Alexander Polli became the first wingsuit BASE jumper to successfully strike a wingsuit target.^[13]

Wingsuit BASE jumping carries additional risk beyond a wingsuit skydive. Jumping from a fixed object means starting with low airspeed which requires different flying positions and skills. During the flight, hazards exists such as trees, rocks and the ground which must be avoided. While skydivers typically carry two parachutes, a main and a reserve, wingsuit BASE jumpers typically only carry one BASE-specific parachute.

Further developments

Wingpack

Another variation on which studies are being focused is the wingpack, which consists of a strap-on rigid wing made of carbon fibre.^[14] It is a mix between a hang-glider and a wingsuit. The wingpack can reach a glide ratio of 6 and permits transportation of oxygen bottles and other material.^[15]

On 31 July 2003 the Austrian Felix Baumgartner, jumping from {{convert|9|km|ft}}, successfully crossed the English Channel in 14 minutes using a wingpack, having covered over {{Convert|35|km|mi}}.

Jet-powered wingsuits

As of 2010, there have been experimental powered wingsuits, often using small jet engines strapped to the feet^[16] or a wingpack setup to allow for even greater horizontal speeds and even vertical ascent.

On 25 October 2005, in Lahti, Finland, Visa Parviainen jumped from a hot air balloon in a wingsuit with two small turbojet engines attached to his feet. The engines provided approximately 160 N (16 kgf, 35 lbf) of thrust each and ran on JET A-1 fuel. Parviainen achieved approximately 30 seconds of horizontal flight with no noticeable loss of altitude.^[16]^[17] Parviainen continued jumping from hot air balloons and helicopters, including one for the Stunt Junkies program on Discovery Channel.^[18]

Christian Stadler from Germany invented the "VegaV3 wingsuit system" that uses an electronic adjustable hydrogen peroxide rocket.^[19] The rocket provides 1000 Newtons (100 kgf) of thrust and produces no flames or poisonous fumes. His first successful powered wingsuit jump was in 2007, when he reached horizontal speeds of over 255 km/h (160 mph).^[20]

Training

Flying a wingsuit can add considerable complexity to a skydive. So, according to the Skydivers' Information Manual, the United States Parachute Association requires that any jumper have a minimum of 200 freefall skydives before completing a wingsuit first jump course and making a wingsuit jump.^[21] Requirements in other nations are similar. Wingsuit manufacturers offer training courses and certify instructors, and also impose the minimum jump numbers required before purchasing a wingsuit. Typically wingsuit pilots will start on a smaller wingsuit with less surface area. With practice, pilots can learn to fly larger suits with more surface area, which allow for increased glide and airtime.

Records

Wingsuit formation records

Prior to this, the largest wingsuit formation recognized as meeting the criteria for a national record consisted of 68 wingsuit pilots, which set a U.S. national record at Lake Elsinore, California, on 12 November 2009.^[23] The largest global record was a diamond formation involving 100 wingsuit pilots at Perris, California, on 22 September 2012.^[24] These records have since been retired as they do not meet the current rules.^[22]

Two World Records have been set since the rules update. A 42-person formation over Moorsele, Belgium, set an FAI record on 18 June 2015. This was broken on 17 October 2015, when 61 wingsuit pilots set the current FAI world record over Perris Valley Airport near Perris, California.^[25]^[26]

The current U.S. national record includes 43 wingsuit pilots. It was set on 5 October 2018 in Rosharon, Texas at Skydive Spaceland-Houston. ^[27]

Wingsuit BASE jump records

On 23 May 2006, the Australian couple Heather Swan and Glenn Singleman jumped from {{convert|6604|m|ft}} off Meru Peak in India, setting a world record for highest wingsuit BASE jump.^[28] This record was broken on 5 May 2013, by the Russian Valery Rozov, who jumped from {{convert|7220|m|ft}} on Mount Everest's North Col.^[29]

The longest verified wingsuit BASE jump is {{convert|7.5 |km|mi}} by the American Dean Potter^[30] on 2 November 2011. Potter jumped from the Eiger mountain and spent 3 minutes and 20 seconds in flight, descending {{convert|9200|ft|m|order=flip}} of altitude.

Wingsuit flight records

On 22 May 2017, British wingsuit pilot Fraser Corsan set world records for the fastest speed reached in a wingsuit of {{Convert|396.86|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.^[31]

The current world record for greatest average horizontal speed within the performance competition rules, i.e. within {{Convert|1000|meters|feet|abbr=on}} of vertical distance, was set on 23 October 2016, U.S. wingsuit pilot Joe Ridler set the world record for the fastest speed reached in a wingsuit of {{Convert|374.8|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.^[32]

On 20 and 21 April 2012, Colombian skydiver Jhonathan Florez set Guinness World Records in wingsuit flying. The jumps took place in La Guajira in Colombia for the following records:

The current world record for longest time in flight within the performance competition rules, i.e. within {{Convert|1000|meters|feet|abbr=on}} of vertical distance, was set on 7 September 2014 by Canadian wingsuit pilot Marc-André Denault with a time of 98.9 seconds.^[32]

On 26 May 2012, the Japanese wingsuit pilot Shin Ito achieved two new world records: "greatest horizontal distance flown in a wing suit", {{Convert|26.9|km|miles|abbr=on}}^[35] and "greatest absolute distance flown in a wing suit", {{Convert|28.707|km|miles|abbr=on}}, both flights taking place above Yolo County, California, USA.^[36]

The current world record for longest horizontal distance covered within the performance competition rules, i.e. within {{Convert|1000|meters|feet|abbr=on}} of vertical distance, was set on 23 October 2016 by U.S. wingsuit pilot Alexey Galda with a distance of {{Convert|5.996|km|miles|abbr=on}}.^[32]

On 23 May 2012, British stuntman Gary Connery safely landed a wingsuit without deploying his parachute, landing on a crushable "runway" (landing zone) built with thousands of cardboard boxes.^[37]

Safety

The sport of Wingsuit flying is dangerous, and the pursuit of it has contributed to a number of notable fatalities since its inception. Some fail-safe concepts and developments, using technology from airbags or Aeronautics engineering, may reduce the death rate or prevent serious injury, but it would still be one of the most dangerous sports on Earth.

In popular culture

Wingsuits were showcased in the 1969 film, The Gypsy Moths, starring Burt Lancaster and Gene Hackman.^[38]

In the 2015 remake of Point Break (2015 film) the protagonist goes wingsuit flying with a group of criminals in order to gain their trust. The sequence was shot in Walenstadt, Switzerland.

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite news|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k240753c.zoom.f4.langFR|title=Chute mortelle d'un inventeur de parachute|last=|first=|date=5 February 1912|work=Le Temps|accessdate=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225133007/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k240753c.zoom.f4.langFR|archive-date=2014-02-25|dead-url=yes|page=4|language=French}}
2. ^{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Human Flying Squirrel Zooms Through Air | journal=Popular Science Monthly |date=September 1930 | pages=53}}
3. ^{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oj2kYPmFMOIC&pg=PA28 | title=Rex - The Human Glider | author=Ewers, Retta E. | journal=Popular Aviation (aka Flying Magazine) |date=January 1934 | pages=28}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://bird-man.com/index.cgi?n=skydivers&q=bmilist |title=Bird-Man Worldwide Instructors list |accessdate=28 January 2008}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mei-Den|first1=Omer|title=The epidemiology of severe and catastrophic injuries in BASE jumping.|pmid=22450590|doi=10.1097/JSM.0b013e31824bd53a|volume=22|journal=Clin J Sport Med|pages=262–7}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=TonySuit Wingsuits - Dean Potter, record wingsuit flight - November 2011|url=http://www.tonywingsuits.com/deanpotter.html|publisher=Tony Suit Inc.|date=2011-11-02|quote=After checking out our GPS and Goggle Earth we concluded that I flew a new longest wingsuit BASE-jump to date. My flight was: 9200 feet vertical, 7.5 kilometers horizontal and approximately 3 minutes 20 seconds of flight time before opening my parachute.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422104233/http://www.tonywingsuits.com/deanpotter.html|archivedate=22 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150526-wingsuit-base-jump-moab-national-parks-blm-potter/ |title=Pilot Pioneers Harrowing, Low-Level Wingsuit Flights |publisher=National Geographic }}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Squirrel Aura Wingsuit |url=http://squirrel.ws/wingsuits/aura3 |accessdate=11 May 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://flylikebrick.com/wingsuit-history/ |title=Wingsuit History |publisher=FlyLikeBrick}}
10. ^Matt Gerdes, The Great Book of BASE, BirdBrain Publishing, 2010, p. 216
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/features/why-are-so-many-base-jumpers-dying/ |title=Why Are So Many BASE Jumpers Dying?}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://adventuresportsjournal.com/a-life-in-flight/ |title=A Life in Flight: Wingsuit Pioneer Loic Jean-Albert, "The Flying Dude" |date=2 April 2012}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/1911126/alexander-polli-shatters-foam-target-while-flying-wingsuit |title=Alexander Polli Shatters a Foam Target While Flying in a Wingsuit |publisher=Outside Online |date=26 Nov 2012}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spelco.eu/edit/content/file/DV141089_en/Press%20Release_1_en.pdf/Get.aspx|title=A Modern-day Lilienthal: Alban Geissler constructs wings for people without nerves|publisher=SPELCO GbR|accessdate=19 May 2011}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-389357/Special-forces-use-strap-Batwings.html |title=Special forces to use strap-on 'Batwings' |work=Daily Mail |date= 7 June 2006|accessdate=11 May 2017 | location=London}}
16. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.dropzone.com/cgi-bin/safety/detail_page.cgi?ID=613 |title=First jet powered Birdman flight |publisher=Dropzone.com |accessdate=18 May 2010}}
17. ^Skydiving with rocket engines - original video of Visa's first jump. (Engineering.com)
18. ^Animation of Visa's helicopter jump for Discovery channel's 'Stunt Junkies' show (TDMA Animation Studio website)
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.peroxidepropulsion.com/news/first-living-rocket-airplane-in-the-world |title=First living rocket airplane in the world! :: News by |publisher=Peroxide Propulsion |date=3 January 2008 |accessdate=18 May 2010}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrBbT-uMbI8 |title=First living rocket plane in the world |publisher=YouTube |date=29 September 2008 |accessdate=18 May 2010}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://uspa.org/Portals/0/files/Man_SIM_2018.pdf |title=Skydivers' Information Manual > Section 6-9 |page=143 |publisher=USPA |accessdate=1 March 2018}}
22. ^¹The rules are available under the Wingsuit tab on the FAI website section for parachuting: http://www.fai.org/ipc-documents
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.uspa.org/USPAMembers/RecordsAwards/ExistingRecords/National/tabid/144/Default.aspx |title=USPA Records: largest wingsuit formation jump |publisher=Uspa.org |date=1 May 2006 |accessdate=18 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418185954/http://www.uspa.org/USPAMembers/RecordsAwards/ExistingRecords/National/tabid/144/Default.aspx |archivedate=18 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
24. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/weirdnewsvideo/9566466/Skydivers-in-California-set-Guinness-world-record-for-wingsuit-formation.html |title=Largest wingsuit formation |date=22 September 2012 |accessdate=2 October 2012 |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph}}
25. ^Anonymous, "61 Wingsuit Divers Set Formation Record," discovery.com, 21 October 2015, 12:02 PM EDT.
26. ^{{cite |url= http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17721 |title=FAI Largest Formation Records - Wingsuit Flying no Grip |date=17 October 2015 |accessdate=23 May 2017 |work=FAI Record File}}
27. ^The U.S. national wingsuit formation record can be found in the official USPA records database with the status set to "current," the zone set to "U.S. National," and the group set to "Wingsuit Flying." http://competition.uspa.org/records/current
28. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/leap-from-the-top-of-the-world/2006/06/08/1149359863372.html |title=Leap from the top of the world |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |accessdate=24 June 2012 |date=8 June 2006}}
29. ^Cooper, Tarquin (28 May 2013). "Valery Rozov BASE Jumps From Mt Everest". Red Bull.
30. ^Dean Potters record breaking flight from the Eiger {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422104233/http://www.tonywingsuits.com/deanpotter.html |date=22 April 2012 }},
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-10000/fastest-speed-reached-in-a-wing-suit/ |title=Fastest speed reached in a wing suit |work= Guinness World Records|accessdate=10 August 2011}}
32. ^¹²Wingsuit flight records are stored on Paralog. https://ppc.paralog.net/
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1000/longest-(duration)-wingsuit-flight |title=Longest (duration) wingsuit flight |work=Guinness World Records}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1000/highest-altitude-wingsuit-jump |title=Highest altitude wingsuit jump|work=Guinness World Records}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1000/greatest-distance-flown-in-a-wing-suit/ |title=Greatest horizontal distance flown in a wing suit |work= Guinness World Records|accessdate=10 August 2012}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/2000/greatest-absolute-distance-flown-in-a-wingsuit/ |title=Greatest absolute distance flown in a wing suit |work= Guinness World Records|accessdate=10 August 2012}}
37. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9285258/Gary-Connery-stuntman-completes-2400ft-skydive-without-a-parachute.html Gary Connery: stuntman completes 2400ft skydive without a parachute]
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://worldwingsuitleague.com/facts/a-brief-history-of-wingsuiting-2/ |title=A Brief History of Wingsuiting |publisher=World Wingsuit League |date=20 May 2015 |accessdate=16 May 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2058673/trivia?item=tr3023273 |title=Point Break Trivia |publisher=IMDB}}