“Chinese token (alternative currency)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Chinese tokens (Traditional Chinese: 中國代用幣; Simplified Chinese: 中国代用币; Pinyin: zhōng guó dài yòng bì) were token coins produced in China during the late Qing dynasty around the time of the Taiping Rebellion in the province of Jiangsu but not by the Taiping government. Later tokens were again issued in Jiangsu during the Japanese occupation. These tokens were typically made by merchants and local businesses as well as local authorities and had nominal values denominated in their value in cash coins.

During the Qing dynasty

Qing dynasty era Chinese tokens were cast in denominations of 100 cash, 200 cash, 500 cash, and 1000 cash as well as 1 chuàn (壹串, or 100 cash coins), 2 chuàn (贰串, or 200 cash coins), and 5 chuàn (伍串, or 500 cash coins) as the contemporary definition of a "string of cash coins" ({{linktext|串}}) in the province of Jiangsu at the time was a hundred cash coins but these tokens also had denominations of 1 guàn (一貫, or 1000 cash coins). The numbers that these Jiangsu tokens were denominated in were an indication that of economic instability in the region at the time as the difference between their intrinsic and nominal value was significant. In addition to their nominal value it was common for these Chinese tokens to contain various features of Chinese charms such as "good luck" symbols, and unlike most contemporary coins these Chinese tokens may also contain chop marks which were only a feature of silver coinage such as dragon dollars at the time. Chinese tokens often had coin-like inscriptions such as wàn lì tōng bǎo (萬曆通寶), but also contained other inscriptions describing their nominal value like bǎi hé tong yuán (百合同元, "this coin has the same worth as 100 of the primary currency"), chuán bù liú shǐ (傳不流矢, "(this token) circulates without losing value"), yì qiān wén zhèng (一仟文正, "(this token) is equal to one thousand cash coins"), and yì bǎi wén zhèng (一百文正) which means "one hundred cash coins only"). These Chinese tokens often had inscriptions usually found on Chinese charms and amulets like xiáng qìng róng huá (祥慶榮華, "happiness and celebration, prosperity and high position") and rì yòng guāng huī (日用光輝, "for daily use is glorious") and could also contain other charm features such as the eight trigrams. Some Chinese tokens could also resemble Jiā Qìng Tōng Bǎo (嘉慶通寶) cash coins but with a serrated edge.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Zheng Lu Bridge tokens

References

1. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/token.html|title= Chinese Tokens – 中國代用幣。|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=11 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}
2. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/chop-mark-a-numismatic-definition-768530 |title= Chop Mark – A Numismatic Definition.|date=|accessdate=11 May 2018|work= By James Bucki (for The SpruceCrafts)|language=en}}
3. ^{{cite web|url= http://chopmarks.blogspot.nl/2011/05/so-what-are-chop-marks.html?m=1|title= So What are Chop Marks? Chop Marks are found primarily on American Silver Trade Dollars dated 1873–1878 and Japanese Yen (1870–1914) that circulated in China. Chinese businessmen, ever watchful for fakes, placed their sign or "chop" on any of these trade coins that passed muster.|date=10 May 2011|accessdate=11 May 2018|work=[https://plus.google.com/106514886466127670988 Joseph Gale] for Chopmarks, the blog.|language=en}}
4. ^Anything Anywhere CHINA, 19th century tokens from Jiangsu. In Jiangsu province a habit began in the mid-late 19th century of making tokens. It turns out that there are numerous varieties. They look sort of amuletic, but on one side they announce that they are worth something. I have not yet found a written reference to these things. Someone find me something? Any language OK by Bob Reis. Retrieved: 11 May 2018.
5. ^Anything Anywhere CHINA, tokens – There is a rather large series of non-government local monetary issues in China from ancient times. When the cast issues ended early in the 20th century struck tokens came into use in various places. – There are also tokens in exotic materials like bone, wood, plastic, etc. – And of course there's paper, but that's another story by Bob Reis. Retrieved: 11 May 2018.
6. ^Academia.edu [https://www.academia.edu/1064610/Local_bronze_tokens_issued_in_Jiangsu_China_in_the_1930s Local bronze tokens issued in Jiangsu, China, in the 1930s]. Uploaded by Helen Wang. Retrieved: 11 May 2018.
7. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/12/17/zheng-lu-bridge-tokens/|title= Zheng Lu Bridge Tokens.|date=17 December 2012|accessdate=11 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}