“Wirt C. Rowland”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Biography

Rowland was born December 1, 1878 in Clinton, Michigan to Clinton Charles and Melissa Ruth Rowland.^[3] In 1901, he landed a job as an office boy for the Detroit firm of Rogers and MacFarlane, quickly moving on to the prestigious George D. Mason firm.^[4] In 1909, he joined the office of Albert Kahn Associates, who had also apprenticed under Mason. In 1910, with the encouragement of both Mason and Kahn, Rowland attended the Harvard Graduate School of Design in Cambridge, for a year.^[1]

The combination of Rowland's natural design talent, Harvard education, and Detroit's healthy economy positioned him to make major contributions to the city's architecture. Rowland is a case study in design attribution. In 1911, in the office of Kahn, he and Ernest Wilby are said have been primarily responsible for the Hill Auditorium at the University of Michigan. Through 1915, Rowland worked for the local firm of Malcomson & Higginbotham. He then returned to Kahn's office, contributing to the firm's classic projects, namely the Harland Hatcher Graduate Library at the University of Michigan, the Detroit News Building, the First National Building (1922), and the General Motors Building (1922) renamed Cadillac Place.^[1]

Rowland's career peaked as Head Designer (1922–1930) of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls (SmithGroup). There, he designed a dozen major structures in downtown Detroit; among these, are a number of the city's most accomplished and evocative buildings. To a large extent, Rowland helped define Detroit's architectural genre.^[1]^[5] Of the Guardian building Rowland said, We no longer live in a leisurely age, . . What we see we must see quickly in passing, and the impression must be immediate, strong, and complete. Color has this vital power.^[6] For the Guardian Building, he had assembled a multitude of artisans, mosaicists, sculptors, painters, and tile manufacturers including Corrado Parducci, muralist Ezra Winter, and tile from the Rookwood and Pewabic pottery companies.^[1] He thus recreated the architectural synthesis of a medieval cathedral. Hence, Rowland had reached a climax, when his Union Trust/Guardian Building became known as the Cathedral of Finance.^[7]

The Guardian Building opened in 1929. With the onset of the Great Depression, most of the employees of Smith Hinchman & Grylls were let go, including Rowland. In January 1931, he joined in a partnership with his long-time friend, Augustus (Gus) O'Dell. The firm secured a small number of important commissions, including the Victor Vaughan House dormitory at the University of Michigan, Maire Elementary School in Grosse Pointe, and the Mark Twain Branch Library in Detroit, supplemented with reconstruction necessitated by the widening of Woodward Avenue, and by insurance re-valuations of existing buildings.

Beginning in 1935, Rowland was hired by Edwin S. George to design a Gothic cathedral, later known as Kirk in the Hills. The church was to have been constructed on land owned by George adjoining his suburban home in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, however, the funds available were insufficient to proceed with construction. In 1946, George realized that by incorporating his existing suburban home into the church to house administrative activities, the cost of construction would be greatly reduced. Rowland approved of this revision, but died before he could redraw the plans. The firm of George D. Mason & Co. was hired in 1947 to draw new plans for the church and oversee construction and the church was completed in 1958.

Rowland was a member of the Chandler Park Partnership, a group of nineteen architects and engineers that designed Parkside housing project (1935–38) in Detroit. During World War II, Rowland was employed by the firm Giffels & Valet in their office at Naval Station Norfolk. Among the structures he designed during that period was the David Adams Memorial Chapel and Our Lady of Victory Chapel in the base chapel building.

Rowland Designed Structures

Designs for George D. Mason, 1902 to 1909

Designs for Malcomson & Higginbotham, 1912 to 1915

Designs for Albert Kahn Associates, 1910, and 1915 to 1922

Designs for Smith, Hinchman & Grylls,^[13] 1922 to 1930

Designs for O'Dell and Rowland, 1931 to 1938

Notes

1. ^¹²³⁴{{Cite book | author=Tottis, James W. | title= The Guardian Building: Cathedral of Finance| publisher= Wayne State University Press| year=2008 | isbn=978-0-8143-3385-3}}
2. ^{{Cite book | author= Sharoff, Robert | title=American City: Detroit Architecture| publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2005| isbn=0-8143-3270-6}}
3. ^Historical Society of the Village of Clinton, Michigan. Wirt Rowland Architect (2004). Retrieved on June 17, 2012.
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵{{Cite book | author= Smith, Michael G. | title=Designing Detroit: Wirt Rowland and the Rise of Modern American Architecture| publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2017| isbn=978-0814339794}}
5. ^AIA Detroit Urban Priorities Committee, (January 10, 2006).Top 10 Detroit Interiors.Model D Media. Retrieved on July 28, 2008.
6. ^Mazzei, Rebecca (November 30, 2005).Still Standing. Metro Times. Retrieved on July 28, 2008.
7. ^Zacharias, Pat (March 10, 2001). "Guardian Building has long been the crown jewel in the Detroit skyline." Michigan History, Detroit News. Retrieved on June 2, 2008.
8. ^Text of obituary, retrieved from membership file at American Institute of Architects Archive at .
9. ^The American Contractor, May 30, 1914, p. 62, col 3.
10. ^The American Contractor, May 2, 1914, p. 100, col 2.
11. ^Construction News, Dec. 5, 1914, p. 20, col 2.
12. ^¹²³⁴Letter from Wirt C. Rowland to The Harvard Architectural School Alumni Association, dated March 24, 1932. Available online at: Wirt Rowland - A Short Biography. Retrieved on June 17, 2012.
13. ^Smith, Hinchman & Grylls is now known as SmithGroup.
14. ^¹Original Smith, Hinchman & Grylls building plans for Denby and Pershing high schools.
15. ^Chicago Daily Tribune, June 4, 1933, p. E7.

References and further reading

Ferry, W. Hawkins (1968). The Buildings of Detroit: A History. Wayne State University Press.

{{Cite book |author1=Hill, Eric J. |author2=John Gallagher |lastauthoramp=yes | title= AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture| year=2002 | publisher= Wayne State University Press | isbn=0-8143-3120-3}}

{{Cite book | author=Holleman, Thomas, edited and compiled by Rebecca Binno Savage and Sharon Scott| title=Wirt C. Rowland Exhibition Catalog | year= 2004| publisher= Wirt C. Rowland Exhibition Committee, Historical Society of Clinton, Michigan }}

{{Cite book |author1=Holleman, Thomas J. |author2=James P Gallagher |lastauthoramp=yes | title=Smith, Hinchman & Grylls : 125 years of architecture and engineering, 1853-1978 | year=1978 | publisher= Wayne State University Press | isbn=0814316158}}

{{Cite book | author=Meyer, Katherine Mattingly and Martin C.P. McElroy with Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry, Hon A.I.A.| title=Detroit Architecture A.I.A. Guide Revised Edition | year= 1980| publisher= Wayne State University Press| isbn = 0-8143-1651-4}}

{{Cite book | author= Sharoff, Robert | title=American City: Detroit Architecture| publisher=Wayne State University Press| year=2005| isbn=0-8143-3270-6}}

{{Cite book |author1=Savage, Rebecca Binno |author2=Greg Kowalski |lastauthoramp=yes | title= Art Deco in Detroit (Images of America) | publisher=Arcadia Publishing| year=2004 | isbn=0-7385-3228-2}}

{{Cite book | author=Smith, Michael G. | title= Designing Detroit: Wirt Rowland and the Rise of Modern American Architecture| publisher= Wayne State University Press| year=2017 | isbn=978-0814339794}}

{{Cite book | author=Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow | title= Detroit and Rome: building on the past | publisher=Regents of the University of Michigan| year=2005 | isbn=0-933691-09-2}}

{{Cite book | author=Tottis, James W. | title= The Guardian Building: Cathedral of Finance| publisher= Wayne State University Press| year=2008 | isbn=978-0-8143-3385-3}}

{{Cite book|author=Tutag, Nola Huse with Lucy Hamilton|title=Discovering Stained Glass in Detroit|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=1988|isbn=0-8143-1875-4}}