“Wisdom tooth”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A wisdom tooth or third molar is one of the three molars per quadrant of the human dentition. It is the most posterior of the three. The age at which wisdom teeth come through (erupt) is variable,^[1] but generally occurs between late teens and early twenties.^[2] Most adults have four wisdom teeth, one in each of the four quadrants, but it is possible to have none, fewer, or more, in which case the extras are called supernumerary teeth. Wisdom teeth may get stuck (impacted) against other teeth if there is not enough space for them to come through normally. While this does not cause movement of other teeth,^[3] it can cause tooth decay if the impaction makes oral hygiene difficult. Wisdom teeth which are partially erupted through the gum may also cause inflammation and infection in the surrounding gum tissues, termed pericoronitis. Wisdom teeth are often extracted when or even before these problems occur. However some recommend against the prophylactic extraction of disease-free impacted wisdom teeth.^[2]

Structure

Variation

Age of eruption

There is significant variation between the reported age of eruption of wisdom teeth between different populations.^[8] For example, wisdom teeth tend to erupt earlier in Blacks compared to Asians and whites.^[8]

Generally wisdom teeth are stated as erupting most commonly between age 17 and 21.^[1] Eruption may start as early as age 13 in some groups.^[8] Sometimes they can erupt up to age 25.^[9] If they have not erupted by age 25, oral surgeons generally consider that the tooth will not erupt spontaneously by itself.^[10]

Function

Wisdom teeth are vestigial third molars that helped human ancestors to grind plant tissue. It is thought that the skulls of human ancestors had larger jaws with more teeth, which possibly helped to chew foliage to compensate for a lack of ability to efficiently digest the cellulose that makes up a plant cell wall.^[11] After the advent of agriculture over 10,000 years ago, soft human diets became the norm, including carbohydrate and high energy foods. Such diets typically result in jaws growing with less forward growth than our paleolithic ancestors and not enough room for the wisdom teeth.^[12]

Clinical significance

Wisdom teeth (often notated clinically as M3 for third molar) have long been identified as a source of problems and continue to be the most commonly impacted teeth in the human mouth. The oldest known impacted wisdom tooth belonged to a European woman of the Magdalenian period (18,000–10,000 BCE).^[13] A lack of room to allow the teeth to erupt results in a risk of periodontal disease and dental cavities that increases with age.^[14] Less than 2% of adults age 65 years or older maintain the teeth without cavities or periodontal disease and 13% maintain unimpacted wisdom teeth without cavities or periodontal disease.^[15]

Impacted wisdom teeth are classified by the direction and depth of impaction, the amount of available space for tooth eruption and the amount soft tissue or bone that covers them. The classification structure allows clinicians to estimate the probabilities of impaction, infections and complications associated with wisdom teeth removal.^[14] Wisdom teeth are also classified by the presence of symptoms and disease.^[16]

Treatment of an erupted wisdom tooth is the same as any other tooth in the mouth. If impacted, treatment can be localized to the infected tissue overlying the impaction,^[17]{{rp|440–441}} extraction^[18] or coronectomy.^[19]

History

Although formally known as third molars, the common name is wisdom teeth because they appear so late – much later than the other teeth, at an age where people are presumably "wiser" than as a child, when the other teeth erupt.^[20] The term probably came as a translation of the Latin dens sapientiae. Their eruption has been known to cause dental issues for millennia; it was noted at least as far back as Aristotle:

Nonetheless, molar impaction was relatively rare prior to the modern era. With the Industrial Revolution, the affliction became ten times more common, owing to the new prevalence of soft, processed, and sugary foods.^[22]

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal |last1=McCoy |first1=JM |title=Complications of retention: pathology associated with retained third molars. |journal=Atlas of the oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America |date=September 2012 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=177-95 |doi=10.1016/j.cxom.2012.06.002 |pmid=23021395 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5OvCwIRP4d8C}}
2. ^¹{{cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=JW |title=The prophylactic extraction of third molars: a public health hazard. |journal=American journal of public health |date=September 2007 |volume=97 |issue=9 |pages=1554-9 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2006.100271 |pmid=17666691 |pmc=1963310}}
3. ^{{cite journal |pmid=11220165 |year=1999 |last1=Rozkovcová |first1=E. |last2=Marková |first2=M. |last3=Dolejší |first3=J. |title=Studies on agenesis of third molars amongst populations of different origin |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=71–84 |journal=Sborník lékařský}}
4. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509562103 |title=Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development |year=2006 |last1=Pereira |first1=Tiago V. |first2=Francisco M. |last2=Salzano |first3=Adrianna |last3=Mostowska |first4=Wieslaw H. |last4=Trzeciak |first5=Andrés |last5=Ruiz-Linares |first6=José A. B. |last6=Chies |first7=Carmen |last7=Saavedra |first8=Cleusa |last8=Nagamachi |first9=Ana M. |last10=Hill |first10=K. |last11=Castro-De-Guerra |first11=D. |last12=Silva-Junior |first12=W. A. |last13=Bortolini |first13=M.-C. |last9=Hurtado |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=15 |pages=5676–81 |pmid=16585527 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103.5676P |jstor=30050159 |pmc=1458632|display-authors=8 }}
5. ^{{cite journal| pmid=28155232 | doi=10.1111/cge.12986 | volume=92 | issue=5 | title=PAX9 gene mutations and tooth agenesis: A review | year=2017 | journal=Clin Genet | pages=467–476 | last1 = Bonczek | first1 = O | last2 = Balcar | first2 = VJ | last3 = Šerý | first3 = O}}
6. ^{{cite journal| pmc=2731714 | pmid=12097313 | volume=81 | issue=4 | title=The role of MSX1 in human tooth agenesis | date=April 2002 | journal=J. Dent. Res. | pages=274–8 | last1 = Lidral | first1 = AC | last2 = Reising | first2 = BC | doi=10.1177/154405910208100410}}
7. ^{{cite journal| pmc=4048113 | pmid=24316698 | volume=19 | issue=3 | title=Exclusion of PAX9 and MSX1 mutation in six families affected by tooth agenesis. A genetic study and literature review | year=2014 | journal=Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal | pages=e248-54 | last1 = Tallón-Walton | first1 = V | last2 = Manzanares-Céspedes | first2 = MC | last3 = Carvalho-Lobato | first3 = P | last4 = Valdivia-Gandur | first4 = I | last5 = Arte | first5 = S | last6 = Nieminen | first6 = P}}
8. ^¹²{{cite book |last1=Tsokos |first1=Michael |title=Forensic Pathology Reviews 5 |date=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781597451109 |page=281 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_qO9S3EO7FMC |language=en}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aaoms.org/wisdom_teeth.php |title=Wisdom Teeth |publisher=American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons |accessdate=2010-09-28 |quote=This generally occurs between the ages of 16 and 25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728221912/http://www.aaoms.org/wisdom_teeth.php |archivedate=July 28, 2010 }}
10. ^¹{{cite journal |last1=Swift |first1=JQ |last2=Nelson |first2=WJ |title=The nature of third molars: are third molars different than other teeth? |journal=Atlas of the oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5OvCwIRP4d|date=September 2012 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=159-62 |doi=10.1016/j.cxom.2012.07.003 |pmid=23021392}}
11. ^{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Rachele|title=Why Do We Have Wisdom Teeth?|url=http://scienceline.org/2007/02/ask-cooper-wisdomteeth/|website=Scienceline.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503040129/http://scienceline.org/2007/02/ask-cooper-wisdomteeth/|archivedate=2016-05-03|date=February 5, 2007|dead-url=no}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|last=von Cramon-Taubadel|first=Noreen|date=2011-12-06|title=Global human mandibular variation reflects differences in agricultural and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=108|issue=49|pages=19546–19551|doi=10.1073/pnas.1113050108|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3241821|pmid=22106280|bibcode=2011PNAS..10819546V}}
13. ^{{cite press release |title=Magdalenian Girl is a woman and therefore has oldest recorded case of impacted wisdom teeth |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |date=March 7, 2006 |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-03/fm-mgi030206.php |accessdate=February 15, 2013}}
14. ^¹{{cite journal | pmc=3886113 | title=Mandibular Third Molar Impaction: Review of Literature and a Proposal of a Classification (review)| journal=J Oral Maxillofac Res |date=Apr–Jun 2013 | volume=4 | issue=2 | pages=e1 |doi=10.5037/jomr.2013.4201| pmid=24422029| last1=Juodzbalys| first1=Gintaras| last2=Daugela| first2=Povilas}}
15. ^{{cite journal | title=Is there pathology associated with asymptomatic third molars (review) | author=Marciani RD | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year=2012 | volume=70 | issue=Suppl 1 |pages=15–19 | doi=10.1016/j.joms.2012.04.025}}
16. ^{{cite journal | title=The management of the asymptomatic, disease-free wisdom tooth: removal versus retention. (review) | author=Dodson TB | journal=Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am |date=Sep 2012 | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=169–76 |doi=10.1016/j.cxom.2012.06.005| pmid=23021394 }}
17. ^{{cite book | title=Carranza's Clinical Periodontology |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |vauthors=Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4377-0416-7}}
18. ^{{cite journal | title=What are the Risks of Operative Intervention (review) | author=Pogrel MA | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year=2012 |volume=70 | issue=Suppl 1 | pages=33–36}}
19. ^{{cite journal | title=Coronectomy may be a way of managing impacted third molars (systematic review)| author=Ghaeminia H| journal=Evid Based Dent | year=2013 | volume=14 |issue=2 | pages=57–8. | doi=10.1038/sj.ebd.6400939| pmid=23792405}}
20. ^{{cite encyclopedia |year= 1989|title = Wisdom tooth|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-861186-2}}
21. ^{{cite book |publisher=Aeterna Press |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-h5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 |author=Aristotle |others=Translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson |year=2015 |title=The History of Animals}}
22. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.osu.edu/what-teeth-reveal-about-the-lives-of-modern-humans/|title=What teeth reveal about the lives of modern humans|work=What teeth reveal about the lives of modern humans|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-us}}