“Christopher (1785 ship)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Christopher (1785 ship)

释义

Career
Fate
Notes, citations, and references

{{other ships|Christopher (Liverpool slave ship)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}{{Infobox ship image

Ship image=

Ship caption=
}}{{Infobox ship career

Hide header=

Ship country=England

United Kingdom|civil}}

Ship name=Christopher

Ship namesake=Othello (character)

Ship owner=

1786:Galley & Co
1788:Leyland

Ship operator=

Ship ordered=

Ship builder=

Ship original cost=

Ship laid down=

Ship launched=1780 at America

Ship acquired=1785

Ship commissioned=

Ship decommissioned=

Ship in service=

Ship out of service=

Ship renamed=

Ship struck=

Ship reinstated=

Ship honours=

Ship honors=

Ship captured=

Ship fate=Sunk 1794

Ship status=

Ship notes=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics

Hide header=

Header caption=^[1]

Ship class=

Ship tons burthen=

1786:140,^[2] or 170 (bm)
1791:189^[3] (bm)
1793:169^[4] (bm)

82|ft|0|in|m|1|abbr=on}}

22|ft|0|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (above the wales)

Ship draught=

Ship draft=

4|ft|5|in|m|1|abbr=on}}

Ship propulsion=

Ship sail plan=Full-rigged ship

Ship complement=45 1793^[4]

Ship armament=14 × 4-pounder guns (1793^[4])

Ship notes=Two decks and three masts
}}

Christopher was built in America and taken in prize in 1780. She first appears in British records in 1786. Liverpool merchants purchased her before then, probably in 1785. Thereafter she made eight voyages in the African slave trade before she sank in 1794 in the harbour at Saint Croix.

Career

Christopher was condemned in the Vice admiralty court in New York on 16 August 1780. She was made free in Liverpool on 6 October 1786.^[1] She first appears in Lloyd's Register in 1786 (there was no edition of Lloyd's Register in 1785),^[2] but apparently Liverpool merchants had already purchased her and deployed her in slave trading.

Captain John Howard sailed her in 1785 for the Bight of Biafra and Gulf of Guinea islands. He then carried to Dominica the slaves he had gathered.^[4] Christopher arrived on 29 December, from Cameroon. She had embarked 294 slaves and disembarked 240;^[5] the mortality rate was 18%.

In 1786 Christopher received copper sheathing.^[6]

Howard sailed again for the Bight of Biafra and Gulf of Guinea islands in 1787. He then delivered the slaves to Dominica.^[4] Christopher arrived on 5 December 1787. Howard had embarked 502 slaves and disembarked 410,^[7] for an 18% mortality rate.

On 14 May 1788 Captain George Maxwell replaced Howard as master on Christopher. That same day Galley & Co. sold Christopher to Thomas Leyland and Thomas Molyneux.^[1] Christopher arrived at Dominica on 29 December 1788; she had embarked 391 slaves and disembarked 246,^[7] for a mortality rate of 18%.

In 1789 Maxwell sailed to West Central Africa and St. Helena. He delivered his slaves to Saint Kitts.^[4]

In 1790 Captain Thomas Lowe sailed Christopher to West Central Africa and St. Helena. At some point Charles Molyneux replaced Lowe.^[4] Christopher arrived at Dominica from Angola on 29 December. She delivered 154 men, 83 women, 13 boys,and three girls, for a total of 253 slaves. She had embarked 277.^[8] At 9%, the mortality rate on this voyage was half that of the previous voyages.

In 1791 Molyneux again sailed to West Central Africa and St. Helena.^[4] Christopher arrived at Dominica from Congo, Kicongo, and Manikongo on 14 December. The numbers of slaves involved exhibit some inconsistencies. Supposedly, she embarked 273, of whom two men and two women died before she left the African coast. She landed 269: 176 men, 66 women, 22 boys, and five girls in all,^[9] for a mortality rate of only 1.5%.

In 1792 Molyneux sailed to the Bight of Biafra and Gulf of Guinea islands. He delivered his slaves to Barbados.^[4] Christopher returned to Liverpool at the end of January 1793.

War with France broke out in February and Molyneux received a letter of marque on 28 February.^[10] He then sailed for West Central Africa and St. Helena. He delivered his slaves to Grenada.^[4]

Fate

Lloyd's List reported in February 1794 that Christopher, Molyneux, master, had sunk at St Croix.^[11] She had struck an anchor and sank in the harbour.^[12]{{refn|It is possible that she was salvaged and sold. In 1794 Christopher, William Boys, master, grounded at Port le Murray, Isle of Man.^[13] The slave voyage shows her voyage as incomplete, and has no subsequent Christopher. Lloyd's Register for 1794 and 1795 has no other Christopher that would be a suitable candidate, and Boys appears in the 1795 Lloyd's Register as master of Thomas.|group=Note}}

Notes, citations, and references

Notes

1. ^¹²Craig & Jarvis (1967), p.28.
2. ^¹[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044020166658?urlappend=%3Bseq=65 Lloyd's Register (1786), Seq. №C263.]
3. ^[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044105233076?urlappend=%3Bseq=76 Lloyd's Register (1791), Seq. №C238.]
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶[https://www.academia.edu/12826440/Liverpool_Slave_Ship_Voyages_Database Thomas Cozens: Liverpool Slave Ship Voyages Database]
5. ^Campbell (2007), p.24.
6. ^[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044020166641?urlappend=%3Bseq=65 Lloyd's Register (1787), Seq. №C238.]
7. ^¹Campbell (2007), p.26.
8. ^Campbell (2007), p.27.
9. ^Campbell (2007), p.28.
10. ^¹²³ Letter of Marque, p.56 - accessed 25 July 2017.
11. ^"Ship News". The Times (2910). London. 12 February 1794. col D, p. 3.
12. ^[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015050998239?urlappend=%3Bseq=241 Lloyd's List №2585.]
13. ^[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015050998239?urlappend=%3Bseq=359 Lloyd's List №2644.]

Citations{{reflist|30em}}References

Campbell, Susan (2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130418033700/http://da-academy.org/AfricanstoDominica.pdf "Africans to Dominica: 100,000 Middle Passages from 'Guinea' to the Eastern Caribbean, 1764-1808"].
Craig, Robert, & Rupert Jarvis (1967) Liverpool Registry of Merchant Ships. (Manchester University Press for the Chetham Society), Series 3, vol. 15.

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。