“Wituland”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Wituland (also Witu, Vitu, Witu Protectorate or Swahililand) was a territory of approximately {{convert|3000|km2|mi2}} in East Africa centered on the town of Witu just inland from Indian Ocean port of Lamu north of the mouth of the Tana River in what is now Kenya.

History

Early sultanate (1858–85)

Founded in 1858 by the former ruler of the insular Pate sultanate after several abortive moves to the mainland, the native sultanate of Wituland was a haven for slaves fleeing the Zanzibar slave trade and thus a target of attacks from the Sultanate of Zanzibar (ruled by a branch of the Omani dynasty, under British protectorate).^[1]

Facing an increase in slaving raids from the Sultanate of Zanzibar, the Sultan of Witu formally requested German protection so that he "finally has relief from the attacks of Zanzibar warriors."^[2]

German Protectorate (1885–90)

In 1885, the German brothers Clemens and Gustav Denhardt negotiated a treaty with Ahmed ibn Fumo Bakari, the first mfalme (Swahili for sultan or king) of Witu who ceded, on 8 April 1885, 25 square miles of territory to the brothers' "Tana Company",^[1] and the remainder of the Wituland became the German Protectorate of Wituland (Deutsch-Witu) on 27 May 1885. The Reich was represented there by the German Residents: Gustav Denhardt (1856–1917; in office 8 April 1885 – 1 July 1890) and his deputy Clemens Andreas Denhardt (1852–1928).

German rule was relatively mild, and the territory continued being a haven for escaped slaves.^[3]

In 1889, Wituland issued a number of postage stamps although their postal usage has not been verified.

British Rule and the Witu Expeditions

In accord with the 1890 Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, on 18 June 1890 a British protectorate was declared, and on 1 July 1890 imperial Germany renounced its protectorate, ceding the Wituland to Great Britain to become part of British East Africa. There were widespread protests from the inhabitants of the territory, who wished to remain under Germany's protection.^[4]

First Expedition (1890)

Shortly afterwards several German merchants were murdered,^[5] and a mixed British & Zanzibari punitive expedition was sent out. The troops landed and descended on Witu on October 26, 1890. After a series of shoot-outs, Sultan Fumo Bakari ibn Ahmad fled from the town, with roughly 3,000 of his remaining gunmen. He was deposed by the British and died soon afterwards.^[6]

After a short reign by Bwana Shaykh ibn Ahmad, the rulership (now reduced to a shaykhdom and made a vassal of the Zanzibar Sultanate) was given to Fumo `Umar (or `Umari) ibn Ahamd. Slavery was also formally abolished in Witu, in March 1891, and Indian police were brought in to enforce the new agreement.

Second Expedition (1893)

A brother of Fumo Bakari, by the name of Fumo Oman, resisted the new regime and began leading increasingly violent raids on villages and farms around the nearby town of Jongeni, northeast of Witu. A brief attempt at diplomacy failed, and the British and Zanzibari governments prepared a second naval expedition to sail to Witu.

A small expeditionary force landed at Witu in July and a second request to negotiate was sent to Fumo Oman. It was rejected and the marines marched on the principal towns under rebel control. Thick forest and camouflaged pits with sharpened stakes surrounded the strongly fortified towns, and the rebel gunmen had prepared defensive positions that allowed for heavy fire. However, after prolonged and intense shoot-outs, the naval marines fought their way into each town, and destroyed the fortifications.^[7] Fumo Oman fled and Fumo 'Umari bin Hamid was reinstated.

Fumo 'Umari moved the capital to Jongeni, but the growth of British power and of the regional importance of Zanzibar saw Witu's position and independence gradually decline.^[8]

End of Witu

In 1905 oversight for Witu was moved from the Foreign Office to the Colonial Office. From then Witu was administrated as a part of Tana District of the Kenya Coast Protectorate. Since the 1923 death of Umari bin Hamid the question of Witu as an entity of its own was finally closed.

List of rulers

Notes

1. ^¹{{cite journal |last1=Ylvisaker |first1=Marguerite |title=The Origins and Development of the Witu Sultanate |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |date=1978 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=669-688 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/217198?read-now=1&seq=7#metadata_info_tab_contents |accessdate=23 March 2019}}
2. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20040407001049/http://www.afrol.com/features/10597 German Wituland, a colonial rarity]
3. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20040407001049/http://www.afrol.com/features/10597 German Wituland, a colonial rarity]
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZrN2BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86&dq=wituland#v=onepage&q=wituland&f=false| title=German Memories in Asia|author=Rajkumar Kanagasingam|page=86|publisher=Author House|year=2007|isbn=978-1434315823|accessdate=2015-02-16}}
5. ^Witu 1890, A punitive expedition on the East African coast
6. ^{{cite book|author=Chauncy Hugh Stigand|title=The Land of Zinj: Being an Account of British East Africa, Its Ancient History and Present Inhabitants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW61qCnA-m8C&pg=PA100|year=1966|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-1723-7|pages=100–101}}
7. ^The Royal Navy and the East Coast of Africa 1890-1899
8. ^Marina Tolmacheva, "Introduction" to The Pate Chronicle, ed. and tran. by Marina Tolmacheva (East lansing: Michigan State University, 1993) p. 1

External links