“Chuvash literature”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Chuvash literature ({{lang-cv|Чăваш литератури}}) — consists of literature written in the Chuvash language, regardless of the ethnic origin of the authors or the place of publication. This term applies to fictional works, but does not include folklore.

History

The Chuvash language is the only surviving member of the Oghur or Bulgar branch of the Turkic group of languages. Therefore, Chuvash literature begins with ancient Turkic literature.

The history of the Chuvash literature begins when texts in the Chuvash language first appear in historical sources. The oldest known Chuvash texts appear on the gravestones left by the Volga Bulgars in the 13th and 14th centuries in the Middle Volga region, during the reign of the Golden Horde. Most of the epitaphs on the tombstones were written in Oghur languages, of which Chuvash is the only extant member. However, these epitaphs cannot be considered full-fledged literary works. However, the Chuvash language of the Golden Horde is forever cemented in time. Sometimes in plain text, you can find a certain artistry. For example, in some instance there is plot development.

The ancient Turkic literature

Modern people have learned about ancient Turkic literature mainly by studying the monuments of ancient Turkic runic writing, Manichean writing and ancient Uyghur writing.

The role of Volga Bulgars culture in the Chuvash literature

Chuvash literature created in the Chuvash language, which dates back to medieval Oghur language. This is the principal value of the culture of the Chuvash Volga Bulgars in the literature. Aside from the aforementioned epitaphs, there are no surviving texts in the Oghur language. However, medieval translations of Oghur literature were completed are we often based directly on the Oghur sources. Yaqub ibn Numan, who lived in the 11th century, authored the pseudo-historical work "History of Bulgar", but this work has not survived. Abu Hámid al-Garnáti met with the ibn Numan and wrote a work based on "History of Bulgar". This work alludes to the animosity between the Bulgars and the Khazars, another ethnic group in Central Asia, as well as a narrative about how the Bulgars converted to Islam. Much of these historical events are presented by al-Garnáti in a mythologized form. He includes characters that are similar to characters in modern Chuvash folklore such as Ulyp, a giant and a legendary hero.

8th century - Early 19th century

Aside from the epitaphs of gravestones during the Golden Horde period (13th-14th centuries), more artistic texts in the Chuvash languages began to appear in the 18th century, with the emergence of the Chuvash alphabet. For example, one poem by an anonymous in 1767 praised Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia:

Translation: We do not know what to give / You, beautiful queen, universal mother, for the love of us. Did not know until now / Goddess, which is in heaven. It turns out she is very elegant. / We have nothing significant except our souls - / May they be a gift to you!

More than 10 similar Chuvash poems, mostly with unknown authors, have been identified. One of them, witten in 1795 and dedicated to archbishop Ambrose, is usually attributed to Nikita Bichurin (1777-1853).^[2] E.I. Rozhanski (1741-1801), one of the founders of the original Chuvash alphabet, also wrote literature in Chuvash. For example, He translated "Short Catechezis" into the Chuvash language in 1800. This was the first book published in the Chuvash language.^[3] Another piece of Chuvash literature called "Chvash Aber Boldymyr", perhaps authored by V.I. Lebedev, dates to the same period (1852).^[4]^[5]

Late 19th century

The current new Chuvash alphabet (based on the Russian alphabet) was created in the early 70s by IY Yakovlev, a great educator and social activist. During these years, there were works of art in the Chuvash language designed with this new template. The highest achievement of the Chuvash literature of this period can be called a poem by Mikhail Fedorov "Arzuri" (1848-1904). It is written in 1884, spread among the population in the lists. It was published much later than the first time - in 1908. During these years, creating their works Ignatius Ivanov (1848-1885). He is best known as the author of a cycle of short stories entitled "How to live Chuvash"^[6]

Some of his creations have been published in the primer by I.Ya.Yakovlev, as well, and many other works of the Chuvash literature.^[7]

Bayonet 19th to 20th centuries (1886-1903 biennium)

The formal (conditional) the starting point of this period can be considered 1986, when Ivan Yurkin (1863-1943) wrote his first short story, he began his literary career. He's really a very large figure in the Chuvash culture and, in particular, in the literature. They were written in the years major works of literature: "Wealth," "The man is full, but his eyes were hungry." Also I.Yurkin was known as a journalist. He was an active defender of the traditional religion of the Chuvash, that is, he was its apologist.

Chuvash literature of the 20th century

References

1. ^Н. И. Иванов. Чăваш сăвви. Ш., 1977, 48 с. —8 С(ЧУВ) И 20
2. ^Бичурин (Иакинф) Н. Я. Ради вечной памяти. Ч., 1991. 27 с. ББК 84 Р7-4 Б 67
3. ^Родионов В. Г. Ермей Рожанский : жизнь и творчество / В. Г. Родионов ; Чуваш. гос. ин-т гуманитар. наук. — Чебоксары : ЧГИГН, 2012.
4. ^Родионов В. Г. «„Пирĕн телей“ сăвă тата унăн авторĕ» («Стихотворение „Наше счастье“ и его автор») //«Тăван Атăл» (1996. — № 12. — С. 64—66)
5. ^http://сувары.рф/ru/content/k-voprosu-ob-avtorstve-stihotvoreniya-chvash-aber-boldymyr — Примечание 36
6. ^Энциклопедия | Иванов Игнатий Иванович
7. ^Революцичченхи чăваш литератури. Текстсем. I том. Ш., 1984 — 432-435 сс.