| 词条 | Civitas (movement) |
| 释义 |
| image = Low-resolution_logo_of_Institut_Civitas.jpg | alt = | caption = | motto = | predecessor = Cité catholique | merged = | successor = | formation = {{start date|1999}} | extinction = | type = | status = | purpose = Started as a Conservative Christian lobby group - changed its status in 2016 and is now a French political party | headquarters = Argenteuil (Val-d'Oise), France | coords = | services = | language = | leader_title = President | leader_name = Alain Escada | board_of_directors = | key_people = | main_organ = {{lang|fr|Civitas — Revue catholique des questions politiques et sociales}} | volunteers = | slogan = {{lang|fr|Pour une cité catholique}} | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = | name = Civitas | native_name = | native_name_lang = fr | named_after = | abbreviation = | founder = | founding_location = | merger = | tax_id = | registration_id = | region = | products = | methods = Teaching classes, conferences, manifestos | fields = Traditionalist Catholic activism | membership = c. 1000 | membership_year = 2013 | owner = | sec_gen = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers_year = | mission = | website = {{URL|www.civitas-institut.com}} }}Civitas, also known as France Jeunesse Civitas and Institut Civitas, is an association generally considered to be a Traditionalist Catholic, integrist,[1][2][3] nationalist,[3] and of the extreme right.[4][5][6][7] The association defines itself as a "Traditionalist Catholic lobby group".[8] The group was once associated with the Society of St. Pius X but its evolved under the new leadership of Alain Escada and the "chaplaincy"{{Explain|date=April 2017}} is now provided by Capuchin Friars of Morgon.[9] HistoryCivitas was formed in 1999. It, and ICHTUS{{Explain|date=April 2017}}, were split out from the integrist Cité catholique movement.[10][11] founded by the pro-Vichy intellectual Jean Ousset.[12] Its media prominence dates from the appointment of its current president, Alain Escada, a Belgian militant of the extreme right with a background of Traditionalist Catholicism and Belgian nationalism,[13][14] and an ex-member of the New Belgian Front ({{lang-fr|Front nouveau de Belgique}}, FNB), of which he was expelled in 1997.[15] Escada became the secretary-general of Civitas in 2009. In 2012, he replaced François de Penfentenyo as president of Civitas. At the start of 2013, Civitas claims {{formatnum:1000}} members and {{formatnum:170000}} "sympathisers" on its mailing list.[16] Civitas had ambitions of winning 300 seats in the French municipal elections of 2014.[17] In 2016, Civitas announced a status change, from a cultural organization to a French political party.[18] It is a major part of the Coalition pour la Vie et la Famille, a tiny European party. AimsCivitas promotes the rechristianisation of France and Europe. It defines itself as a social and political movement in the "Traditionalist Catholic lobby",[8] a "movement whose cause is the restoration to society of the kingship of Our Lord Jesus Christ".[19] It is not interested in taking part in abstract political theory, but instead teaches "techniques...useful in discussions on the subversive dialectic, learning fundamental skills for effective action: speaking in public meetings, launching associations, concrete action, etc."[20] For historian Étienne Fouilloux, this militant association, in promoting the establishment of the restoration of the Kingdom of Christ on Earth, is against republicanism and thus the French Republic itself: {{quote|Civitas joue dans les mouvements catholiques un rôle homologue à celui des trotskystes ou des anarchistes dans les manifestations de gauche [...] celui d'une minorité agissante moins soucieuse de solutions concrètes que de tension révolutionnaire (ou contre-révolutionnaire)|Étienne Fouillox|Réflexions d’historien sur la loi Taubira (2013)[21]}}{{quote|In Catholic circles, Civitas plays a role similar to that of the Trotskyites or Anarchists on the Left [...], they are an agitating minority no more ready with concrete solutions save revolutionary (or counter-revolutionary) tension}} ActivismOpposition to theatrical performancesCivitas came to public attention in 2011, in Paris, when it demonstrated for several consecutive evenings in opposition to the performance of some plays, notably Romeo Castellucci's {{lang|fr|Sur le concept du visage du fils de Dieu}} (original {{lang-it|Sul concetto di volto nel figlio di Dio}}, "On the concept of the Son of God's face") at the Théâtre de la Ville — one performance was interrupted by militants who climbed on stage and threw eggs and waste oil over the audience[22] — but also against the Théâtre du Rond-Point who were performing Rodrigo Garcia's Golgota Picnic, which they judged blasphemous.[23] Civitas denounced what it called "Christianophobia" and organised another, larger demonstration on 29 October 2011, while Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, the president of the Bishops' Conference of France, restated that the demonstrators {{lang|fr|ne disposent d'aucun mandat pour défendre l’Église}} ("Had no mandate to defend the Church").[24] Arrests and fines34 people were arrested for having disturbed the play Sur le concept du visage du fils de Dieu at the Théâtre de la Ville in Paris in October 2011.[23] 32 were arrested and in June 2013 appeared before a Paris tribunal for "obstructing freedom of expression", which carries a fine of up to €5,000. Two defendants were found not guilty, three found guilty with fines of €1,500, €1,800 and €2,000, the others fined between €600 and €800.[25][26] Opposition to same-sex marriageIn June 2012, Civitas released a tract with the slogan {{lang|fr|Confieriez-vous des enfants à ces gens-là?}} ("Would you trust your children with these men?"). On the photo, of a gay pride parade, one can see two naked men.[27] In November 2012, Civitas organised a march from the Ministry of the Family to the Assemblée Nationale, demonstrating against the policy of "Marriage for all"; according to police sources, nearrly 8,000 people marched against "{{lang|fr|homofolie}}" ("gay madness").[28] On 13 January 2013, the association La Manif pour tous — organised to protest the proposed law allowing same-sex marriage, but which excluded Civitas[29] — called for a national demonstration against the proposed law. Civitas militants, who had opposed the "Barjot concept", gathered to leave from the Place Pinel.[30] They protested against same-sex marriage with the motto "Catholics for the Family". The organisers claimed attendance of {{formatnum:50000}}, but police sources claimed around {{formatnum:8000}},[31] while reports differed across the media, such as in Le Monde[32] and Le Nouvel Observateur.[33] L'Express said there were "several thousand demonstrators".[34] Opposition to "gender theory"At the end of January 2014, Civitas backed Farida Belghoul, who had initiated {{lang|fr|journées de retrait de l'école}} ("stay away from school days") in protest against the supposed teaching of what she called "gender theory" ({{lang-fr|théorie du genre}}, more often called Gender studies) in public establishments. In this context, Civitas was criticised for a photo series on its website showing a sex education teacher in compromising sexual positions.[35] Accused by the Press and his opponents of spreading false rumours[36] (the photo came from Canada), Civitas justified their actions by saying they hadn't the means to authenticate its origins and it was not out of character for their chosen subject. In response, Le Monde published an article demonstrating that it was trivial and quick to authenticate the origin of the images.[36] A new row developed some days later, when Civitas called for harassment of the TV network Arte to prevent broadcast of the critically acclaimed film Tomboy., which Civitas called "gender theory propaganda" ({{lang|fr|propagande pour l’idéologie du genre}}). Civitas stated that {{lang|fr|Ce film ne répond pas à la mission d’Arte qui est de "concevoir, réaliser et diffuser des émissions de télévision ayant un caractère culturel}} ("This film does not fulfill Arte's mission as the 'inventor, maker and broadcaster of television programmes of a cultural nature'"). Civitas advocated protesting {{lang|fr|poliment mais fermement! Par téléphone, par fax ou par mail}} ("Politely, but firmly, by telephone, fax or post").[37][38] ControversiesCivitas' actions against the Romeo Castellucci play was deprecated by diverse groups including the Mayor of Paris and senior Catholic dignitaries.[39] Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, a Government spokesmen, said that Civitas' slogan {{lang|fr|Non à l'homofolie}} ("No to gay madness"), used at the November 2012 demonstration, was "misplaced". Other incidents occurred on the margins of the event. Some members of the feminist group FEMEN, topless and wearing a parody of a nun's habit, used powder fire extinguishers to spray demonstrators[40] including, according to the organisers, children.. Journalist Caroline Fourest, an AFP photographer and FEMEN[41] were attacked[42] and some were beaten.[43][44] The police made five arrests. After these incidents, six socialist {{lang|fr|députés}}[45] (elected politicians) demanded the break-up of Civitas.[46]According to the historian Galia Ackerman, it is part of Civitas' order of service to attack Femen.[47] According to the writer René Guitton: {{quote|{{lang|fr|L'institut intégriste avait voulu se distinguer des autres courants catholiques en initiant sa propre marche, celle en marge de laquelle des militantes féministes et des journalistes furent agressés par des participants au défilé}}|René Guitton|La France des intégristes extrémistes juifs, chrétiens, musulmans (2013)[48]}}{{quote|This integrist institution had wanted to distinguish itself from other Catholic groups by having its own march, on the margins of which feminists and journalists were attacked by the marchers}}But according to Civitas, the demonstration was a "victim" of militant feminists.[40] Siding with Civitas, Jacques Bompard, deputy mayor of Orange, denounced the feminists who, according to him, were responsible for the outbursts.[49] Civitas said they had filed a complaint for exhibitionism.[50][51] Caroline Fourest, one of those involved in the violence, also filed a complaint.[52] PublicationsCivitas publishes a quarterly review entitled {{lang|fr|Civitas – Revue catholique des questions politiques et sociales}} ("Civitas – Catholic review of political and social questions"). It publishes news about the movement, and analyses the major political themes of the day. Further reading
References1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2012/11/20/l-institut-civitas-va-porter-plainte-contre-les-femen_86174|title=L'institut Civitas va porter plainte contre les Femen|newspaper=Libération|date=20 November 2012|language=fr|trans-title=Institut Civitas to sue feminists|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/manif-pour-tous-civitas-printemps-francais-la-nebuleuse-des-anti-mariage-gay_1240453.htm|title=Manif pour tous, Civitas, Printemps français... la nébuleuse des anti-mariage gay|language=fr|trans-title=Manifesto for all, Civitas, French Spring... organising against gay marriage|newspaper=L'Express|date=16 April 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 3. ^{{cite book|first1=Étienne|last1=Pinte|first2=Jacques|last2=Turck|title=Extrême droite: Pourquoi les chrétiens ne peuvent pas se taire|publisher=Éditions de l'Atelier|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOHDRk5Haf0C&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&f=false|page=10|language=fr|trans-title=Extreme Right: Why Christians Cannot Remain Silent|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/violences-de-l-extreme-droite-les-appels-a-la-dissolution-de-civitas-se-multiplient-19-11-2012-1530655_23.php|title=Violences de l'extrême droite: les appels à la dissolution de Civitas se multiplient|language=fr|trans-title=Violence by the Extreme Right: Calls to ban Civitas snowball|newspaper=Le Point|date=19 November 2012|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 5. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.parismatch.com/Actu-Match/Societe/Actu/Civitas-a-l-extreme-droite-de-Dieu-447728/|title=Civitas, à l’extrême-droite de Dieu|language=fr|trans-title=Civitas, at the Extreme Right hand of God|newspaper=Paris Match|date=22 November 2012|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 6. ^{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Leclercq|title=De la droite décomplexée à la droite subversive. Dictionnaire 2010-2012|language=fr|trans-title=From the right of assembly to the right of subversion. Dictionary 2010-2012|place=Paris|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82a5K8M_cA0C&pg=PA176#v=onepage&f=false|pages=176 et seq|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 7. ^{{cite book|first=René|last=Terrier|title=Pourquoi je ne suis plus catholique|trans-title=Why I am no longer Catholic|language=fr|publisher=Brogny|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=siCB5PMZnG0C&pg=PA259#v=onepage&f=false|page=259|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.rue89.com/2011/11/14/civitas-le-lobby-catho-qui-flirte-avec-lextreme-droite-226486|title=Civitas, le lobby catho qui flirte avec l'extrême droite|language=fr|trans-title=Civitas, the Catholic lobby group which flirts with the extreme Right|accessdate= 3 November 2015|newspaper=L'Obs with Rue99|date=14 November 2011|first=Xavier|last=Bonnehorgne}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://francejeunessecivitas.hautetfort.com/archive/2017/01/18/l-aumonerie-de-civitas-assuree-par-les-capucins-de-morgon-5900316.html|title=L’aumônerie de CIVITAS assurée par les Capucins de Morgon|website=francejeunessecivitas.hautetfort.com|language=fr|access-date=2017-04-10}} 10. ^{{cite book|first=Émile|last=Poulat|title=Modernistica|language=fr|publisher= Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1981|page=55}} 11. ^{{cite book|first=Étienne |last=Fouilloux|title=Les chrétiens français entre crise et libération: 1937-1947|language=fr|trans-title=French Christians between Crisis and Liberation: 1937-1947|publisher=Seuil|date=1997|page=268}} 12. ^{{cite book|first=Jérôme|last=Cotillon|title=Ce qu'il reste de Vichy|publisher=Armand Colin|year=2003|page=238|language=fr|trans-title=What remains of Vichy}} 13. ^{{cite book|first=Jean-Yves|last=Camus|title=Les extrémismes en Europe: état des lieux en 1998|language=fr|trans-title=Extremism in Europe: State of the nations in 1998|publisher=de l'Aube|year=1998|page=108}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Stephen Roth Institute|title=Antisemitism Worldwide, 2000|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2002|page=92}} 15. ^{{Cite book|title=Les extrémismes en Europe : état des lieux en 1998|last=Camus|first=Jean-Yves|publisher=Editions de l'Aube|year=1998|isbn=9782930088587|location=France|pages=108}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.franceinfo.fr/societe/le-plus-france-info/civitas-en-croisade-855921-2013-01-10|title=Civitas en croisade|language=fr|trans-title=Civitas on Crusade|newspaper=France Info|date=10 January 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.franceinfo.fr/politique/portrait-de-civitas-entre-coups-d-eclat-et-integrisme-en-ligne-806973-2012-11-19|title=Portrait de Civitas, entre coups d'éclat et intégrisme en ligne|newspaper=France Info|date=10 January 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015|language=fr|trans-title=Portrait of Civitas, between lightning strike and online integrism}} 18. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/2016/06/28/25001-20160628ARTFIG00095-les-catholiques-traditionnalistes-de-civitas-forment-un-parti-politique.php|title=Les catholiques intégristes de Civitas forment un parti politique|last=Boni|first=Marc de|date=2016-06-28|work=Le Figaro|access-date=2017-04-10|language=fr-FR|issn=0182-5852}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.christ-roi.net/index.php/La_Royaut%C3%A9_sociale_de_Notre_Seigneur_J%C3%A9sus-Christ_%28Cardinal_Pie%29_03|website=christ-roi.net|title=La Royauté sociale de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ (Cardinal Pie) 03|language=fr|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.civitas-institut.com/content/view/16/62/|website=civitas-institur.com|title=Qui sommes-nous|language=French|trans-title=Who we are}}{{primary source inline|date=November 2015}}{{outdated-inline|date=September 2015}} 21. ^{{cite journal|authorlink=Étienne Fouilloux|last=Fouillox|first=Étienne|title=Réflexions d’historien sur la loi Taubira|language=fr|trans-title=Reflections of a Historian on the Taubira Law|journal=Lumière et vie|number=298|date=April–June 2013|page=100}} 22. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/a-qui-deplait-le-visage-du-fils-de-dieu-24-10-2011-1388636_3.php|title=À qui déplaît le "visage du fils de Dieu"?|newspaper=Le Point|date=24 October 2011|accessdate=3 November 2015|language=fr|trans-title=Who's afraid of the "Face of the Son of God"?}} 23. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/theatre/2011/10/26/03003-20111026ARTFIG00699-paris-des-violences-au-nom-du-christplace-du-chatelet.php|title=220 arrestations en 7 jours suite à une pièce de théâtre|newspaper=Le Figaro|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=3 November 2015|language=fr|trans-title=220 arrests in 7 days after theatre performance|first=Armelle|last=Héliot|first2=Flore|last2=Galaud}} 24. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/S-informer/Actualite/Une-manifestation-anti-christianophobie-aux-multiples-visages-_NP_-2011-10-30-729519|title=Une manifestation "anti-christianophobie" aux multiples visages|language=fr|trans-title=Multi-faceted "anti-christianophobe" demonstration|newspaper=La Croix|date=30 October 2011|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sudouest.fr/2013/06/21/32-catholiques-integristes-condamnes-pour-avoir-perturbe-une-piece-de-theatre-1092925-7.php|title=32 catholiques intégristes condamnés pour avoir perturbé une pièce de théâtre|language=fr|trans-title="Paris: 32 Catholic integrists arrested for disturbing theatre performance|newspaper=Sud Ouest|date=21 June 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/paris-32-catholiques-integristes-condamnes-pour-avoir-perturbe-une-piece-de-theatre-21-06-2013-2917051.php|title=Paris : 32 catholiques intégristes condamnés pour avoir perturbé une pièce de théâtre|language=fr|trans-title="Paris: 32 Catholic integrists arrested for disturbing theatre performance|newspaper=Le Parisien|date=21 June 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tetu.com/actualites/france/les-catholiques-integristes-preparent-leurs-armes-contre-le-mariage-des-homos-21720 |title=Les catholiques intégristes préparent leurs armes contre le mariage des homos |website=tetu.com |language=fr |trans-title=Catholic integrists prepare arms against gay marriage |date=12 June 2012 |accessdate=3 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902013706/http://www.tetu.com/actualites/france/les-catholiques-integristes-preparent-leurs-armes-contre-le-mariage-des-homos-21720 |archivedate=September 2, 2012 }} 28. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.franceinfo.fr/politique/mariage-gay-les-catholiques-integristes-de-civitas-sont-descendus-dans-la-rue-806035-2012-11-18|title=Mariage gay: les catholiques intégristes de Civitas sont descendus dans la rue|newspaper=France Info|date=18 November 2012|accessdate=3 November 2015|language=fr|trans-title=Gay marriage: Catholic integrists take to the streets}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/France/Les-organisateurs-de-la-Manif-pour-tous-refusent-tout-amalgame-avec-Civitas-_NG_-2013-01-13-89848|title=Les organisateurs de la "Manif pour tous" refusent tout "amalgame" avec Civitas|language=fr|trans-title=Organisers of "Manif pour tous" refuse any "amalgam" with Civitas|newspaper=La Croix|agency=AFP|date=13 January 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 30. ^{{cite news|newspaper=Marianne'|url=http://www.marianne.net/Mariage-gay-pourquoi-il-fallait-rester-chez-soi-dimanche_a225785.html|title=Mariage gay : pourquoi il fallait rester chez soi dimanche|language=fr|trans-title=Gay marriage: Why you should stay at home on Sunday|date=14 January 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bfmtv.com/societe/manif-integristes-identitaires-ont-manifeste-a-part-423436.html|title="Manif pour tous"": intégristes et identitaires ont manifesté à part|website=bfmtv.com|date=13 January 2013|language=fr|accessdate=3 November 2015|trans-title="Manifesto for all": integrists and identity protestors demonstrate separately}} 32. ^{{cite news|quote=Les catholiques intégristes sont arrivés à Port-Royal. Le cortège est composé de quelques milliers de manifestants. Un groupe des jeunesses nationalistes est présent, avec une centaine de skinheads. Ils sont toujours très encadrés par la police pour prévenir tout débordement.|language=fr|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/live/2013/01/13/la-manifestation-contre-le-mariage-homosexuel-en-direct_1815965_3224.html|title=Le point sur le cortège Civitas|newspaper=Le Monde|date=13 January 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 33. ^{{cite news|quote=dimanche 13 January, quelques milliers de manifestants opposés au mariage entre personnes de même sexe ont répondu présents à l’appel lancé par l’institut Civitas, proche des catholiques intégristes|first=Audrey|last=Salor|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/mariage-gay-lesbienne/20130113.OBS5273/civitas-dans-la-rue-nous-on-n-aime-pas-les-homos.html|title=Civitas dans la rue : "'Nous, on n'aime pas les homos"" »]|language=fr|trans-title="Civitas in the street: "We do not like gays"|newspaper=Le Nouvel Observateur, 13 January 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 34. ^{{cite news|quote=Les catholiques intégristes et nationalistes, fortement encadrés par la police, ont répondu dimanche à l'appel de Civitas. Ils étaient quelques milliers à défiler en marge des trois défilés organisés par "La Manif pour tous".|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/mariage-contre-le-mariage-gay-les-integristes-de-civitas-ont-defile-a-part_1209207.html|title=Mariage contre le mariage gay : les intégristes de Civitas ont défilé à part|language=fr|trans-title=A marriage against gay marriage: Civitas integrists march apart|newspaper=L'Express|date=13 January 2013|agency=AFP|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bfmtv.com/societe/education-sexuelle-a-l-ecole-civitas-publie-photos-trompeuses-713180.html|title=Éducation sexuelle à l’école ': Civitas publie des photos détournées|language=fr|trans-title=Sex education in school: Civitas publishes diverting photos|website=bfmtv.com|date=19 February 2014|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 36. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://decodeurs.blog.lemonde.fr/2014/02/18/petit-precis-de-recherche-dimages-a-lintention-de-civitas/|title=Petit précis de recherche d’images à l’intention de Civitas|language=fr|trans-title=Intentionally little accuracy in Civitas' image research|newspaper=Le Monde|date=19 February 2014|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 37. ^{{cite news|first=Quentin|last=Girard|title="Tomboy": Civitas appelle à harceler Arte|newspaper=Libération|date=18 February 2014|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2014/02/18/tomboy-civitas-appelle-a-harceler-arte_980806|language=fr|trans-title="Tomboy": Civitas calls for Arte to be pursued|accessdate=3 September 2015}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europe1.fr/Medias-Tele/Civitas-veut-deprogrammer-le-film-Tomboy-d-Arte-1805391|title=Théorie du genre : Civitas s'attaque à Tomboy|language=fr|trans-title=Theory of Gender: Civitas attacks "Tomboy"|website=europe1.fr|date=19 February 2014|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 39. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2011/10/22/la-mairie-de-paris-porte-plainte-contre-un-groupe-de-fondamentalistes-chretiens_1592501_3246.html|title=La mairie de Paris porte plainte contre un groupe de fondamentalistes chrétiens|newspaper=Le Monde|date=22 October 2011|language=fr|trans-title=Paris Mayor launches complaint against group of fundamentalist Christians|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 40. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/mariage-des-homos-civitas-va-porter-plainte-contre-les-militantes-de-femen_173021.html|title=Mariage des homos: Civitas va porter plainte contre les militantes de Femen|language=fr|trans-title=Gay marriage: Civitas will make complaint against FEMEN militants|website=francetvinfo.fr|date=20 November 2012|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 41. ^{{cite news|quote=Au cours de la manifestation organisée dimanche par l'institut Civitas contre le mariage gay, des militantes du mouvement féministe ukrainien Femen ont été agressées. Le reportage photo de notre envoyé spécial, Mehdi Chebil|url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20121118-manifestation-contre-mariage-gay-militantes-feministes-femen-agression-civitas-catholiques-integristes|title=En images : des féministes agressées lors d'un défilé anti-mariage gay|language=fr|trans-title=In Pictures: Feminists attacked in anti-gay marriage demonstration|newspaper=France 24|date=19 November 2012|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 42. ^{{cite news|newspaper=Le Nouvel Observateur|first=Audrey|last=Salor|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/mariage-gay-lesbienne/20130110.OBS5012/civitas-ces-catholiques-integristes-coutumiers-des-coups-d-eclat.html|title=Civitas, ces catholiques intégristes coutumiers des coups de poing|language=fr|trans-title=Civitas, the catholic integrists, throw their customary punches|date=10 January 2013|accessdate=3 November 2015}} 43. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2012/11/18/civitas-manifeste-contre-le-mariage-pour-tous-des-militantes-feministes-agressees_1792400_3224.html|newspaper=Le Monde|title=Civitas manifeste contre le "mariage pour tous", des militantes féministes agressées|date=18 November 2012|accessdate=3 November 2015|language=fr|trans-title=Civitas demonstrates against militant feminine aggressors}} 44. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2012/11/19/mariage-homo-les-opposants-mobilisent-l-executif-reste-ferme_1792766_3224.html|title=Mariage homo: les opposants mobilisent, l'exécutif reste ferm|newspaper=Le Monde|date=19 November 2012|trans-title=Gay marriage: Opposition mobilises, the executive holds firm|accessdate=3 November 2015|language=fr}} 45. ^{{cite news|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/politique/20121119.AFP5443/des-deputes-ps-demandent-la-dissolution-de-l-organisation-civitas.html|title=Des députés PS demandent la dissolution de l'organisation Civitas|language=fr|trans-title=PS Deputies demand the break-up of Civitas|date=19 November 2012|accessdate=3 November 2015|newspaper=Le Nouvel Observateur}} 46. ^{{cite web|first=Roseline|last=Letteron|url=http://www.contrepoints.org/2012/11/21/105197-dissolution-de-linstitut-civitas-sur-quel-fondement-juridique|title=Dissolution de l'Institut Civitas, sur quel fondement juridique?|language=fr|trans-title=Break-up of Civitas, on what legal grounds?|website=contrepoints.org|date=21 November 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=November 2015}} 47. ^{{cite book|first=Galia|last=Ackerman|authorlink=Galia Ackerman|first2=Anna|last2=Houtsol|first3=Inna|last3=Chevtchenko|title=Femen|publisher=Calmann-Lévy|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ThYNvcjm8QC&pg=PT102&lpg=PT102#v=onepage&f=false|page=259 page 259}} 48. ^{{cite book|first=René|last=Guitton|authorlink=René Guitton|title=La France des intégristes extrémistes juifs, chrétiens, musulmans|language=fr|trans-title=The France of Jewish, Chrestian and Muslum integrist extremists|publisher=Flammarion|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWDSi1pr-_YC&pg=PR8-IA3&lpg=PR8-IA3#v=onepage&f=false}} 49. ^{{cite web|website=bmftv.com|url=http://www.bfmtv.com/societe/manifestation-civitas-jacques-bompard-accuse-feministes-386506.html|title=Manifestation de Civitas : Jacques Bompard accuse les féministes|date=19 November 2012|accessdate=3 November 2015|language=fr|trans-title=Civitas demonstration: Jacques Bompard accuses the feminists}} 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/mariage-des-homos-civitas-va-porter-plainte-contre-les-militantes-de-femen_173021.html|title=Que reproche Civitas aux militantes du Femen?|website=francetvinfo.fr|date=20 November 2012|language=fr|accessdate=3 November 2015|trans-title=}} 51. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.metrofrance.com/paris/civitas-porte-plainte-pour-exhibition-contre-les-femen/mlkt!os7ayCMwM7jk/|title=Civitas porte plainte pour exhibition contre les Femen|newspaper=Metrofrance|date=20 November 2012|language=fr|accessdate=3 November 2015|trans-title=Civitas files complaint of exhibition}} 52. ^{{cite news|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/mariage-gay-lesbienne/20121119.OBS9887/manif-de-civitas-passee-a-tabac-caroline-fourest-porte-plainte.html|newspaper=Le Nouvel Observateur|language=fr|title=Beaten in a tobacconist's, Caroline Fourest porte plainte|agency=AFP|date=19 November 2012|accessdate=3 November 2015}} External links{{commons category|Institut Civitas}}
5 : Political advocacy groups in France|Christian organizations based in France|Organizations that oppose same-sex marriage|1999 establishments in France|Organizations established in 1999 |
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