| 词条 | Wojciech Jaruzelski |
| 释义 |
| birthname = Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski | image = Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski 13 grudnia 1981.JPG{{!}}border | imagesize = | smallimage = | caption = Jaruzelski in 1981 | order1 = 6th First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party | term_start1 = 18 October 1981 | term_end1 = 29 July 1989 | predecessor1 = Stanisław Kania | successor1 = Mieczysław Rakowski | order = 1st President of the Republic of Poland | term_start = 19 July 1989 | term_end = 22 December 1990 | vicepresident = | primeminister = Mieczysław Rakowski Czesław Kiszczak Tadeusz Mazowiecki | predecessor = Office restored Himself (As Chairman of the Council of State) Bolesław Bierut (As President before office was abolished) | successor = Lech Wałęsa | order2 = 6th Chairman of the Council of State | term_start2 = 6 November 1985 | term_end2 = 19 July 1989 | primeminister2 = Zbigniew Messner Mieczysław Rakowski | predecessor2 = Henryk Jabłoński | successor2 = Office abolished Himself (As President) | order4= 8th Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Poland |term_start4 =11 February 1981 |term_end4=6 November 1985 |1blankname4=Chairman of the Council of State|1namedata4=Henryk Jabłoński |predecessor4=Józef Pińkowski |successor4=Zbigniew Messner | order5 = Minister of National Defence of the People's Republic of Poland | term_start5 = 11 April 1968 | term_end5 = 22 November 1983 | primeminister5 = Józef Cyrankiewicz Piotr Jaroszewicz Edward Babiuch Józef Pińkowski Himself | predecessor5 = Marian Spychalski | successor5 = Florian Siwicki | birth_date = {{birth date|1923|07|6|df=y}} | birth_place = Kurów, Poland | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|5|25|1923|07|6|df=y}} | death_place = Warsaw, Poland | resting_place = Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw | constituency = | party = Polish Workers' Party (1944–1948) Polish United Workers' Party (1948–1990) Independent (1990–2014) | spouse = {{marriage|Barbara Jaruzelska|1961}} | children = Monika Jaruzelska | profession = Military | religion =Roman Catholicism (born, baptised and reconciled) (May 2014) Atheism (before May 2014, practised through his adult life) | signature =Wojciech Jaruzelski Signature.svg | website = Official website | footnotes = |nickname = |allegiance = {{flag|Soviet Union}} {{flagdeco|Poland|1980}} Polish People's Republic |branch = {{flagdeco|Poland|army}} Polish People's Army |serviceyears = 1943–1989 |rank = General of the Army |unit = |commands = |battles = World War II Battle of Berlin |awards = Virtuti Militari, Order of Polonia Restituta, Cross of Valor }} Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski ({{IPA-pl|ˈvɔjt͡ɕɛx ˈvitɔlt jaruˈzɛlskʲi|lang|Pl-Wojciech_Jaruzelski.ogg}}; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1981 to 1989, and as such was the last leader of the People's Republic of Poland. He also served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990 (titled as Chairman of the Council of State from 1985 to 1989 and as President from 1989 to 1990). He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army (LWP). He resigned after the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989, which led to multi-party elections in Poland. Early lifeWojciech Witold Jaruzelski was born on 6 July 1923 in Kurów,[1] into a family of Polish gentry.[1][1] He was the son of Wanda (née Zaremba) and Władysław Mieczysław Jaruzelski, a Czech-educated agronomist and volunteered soldier who fought in the war against Soviet Russia in 1920[4][2] and was raised on the family estate near Wysokie (in the vicinity of Białystok). From 1933 until September 1939, he was educated in a Catholic school in Warsaw where he received strict religious education.[4][1] World War II commenced on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany, aided by the Soviet invasion of Poland sixteen days later. These resulted in the complete defeat of Poland by October, and a partition between Soviet and German zones of control. Jaruzelski and his family fled to Lithuania to stay with some friends. However, a few months later, after Lithuania and the other Baltic states were forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union, Jaruzelski and his family were captured by the Red Army and deported to Siberia.[1][3] In June 1941, they were deprived of all their valuable possessions and deported. In the railway station, Jaruzelski was separated from his father, who was sent directly to a labour camp. Jaruzelski and his mother were sent on a month-long journey to Biysk, Altai Krai. After that, Jaruzelski walked for 180 kilometres to Turochak where he was responsible for forest cleaning.[4][5] During his labour work, he was stricken with snow blindness, suffering permanent damage to his eyes as well as to his back.[1] His eye condition forced him to wear dark sunglasses most of the time for the rest of his life, which became his trademark.[3] Jaruzelski's father died on 4 June 1942 from dysentery; his mother and sister survived the war (his mother died in 1966).{{cn|date=January 2019}} Military careerJaruzelski was selected by the Soviet authorities for enrolment into the Soviet Officer Training School.[1] During his time in the Kazakh Republic, Jaruzelski wanted to join the non-Soviet controlled Polish exile army led by Władysław Anders,[5] but in 1943,[16] by which time the Soviet Union was fighting in Europe against Germany in the Eastern Front, he joined the Polish army units being formed under Soviet command.[1] He served in this Soviet-controlled First Polish Army during the war.[1] He participated in the 1945 Soviet military takeover of Warsaw and the Battle of Berlin.[1] By the time the war ended that year, he had gained the rank of lieutenant.[1] He "further credited himself in Soviet eyes"[1] by engaging in combat against the non-Communist Polish Home Army, from 1945 to 1947.[1] After the end of the war, Jaruzelski graduated from the Polish Higher Infantry School and then from the General Staff Academy.[16] He joined Poland's Communist party, the Polish United Workers' Party, in 1948[16] and became an informant for the Soviet supervised Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army using the cover name Wolski.[6] In the initial post-war years, he was among those who fought the Polish anti-Communists ("cursed soldiers") in the Świętokrzyskie region. A BBC News profile of Jaruzelski states that his career "took off after the departure [from Poland] in 1956 of the Soviet Field Marshal, Konstantin Rokossovsky",[1] who had been Poland's Commander in Chief and Minister of Defence.[1] Jaruzelski became the chief political officer of the Polish armed forces in 1960, its chief of staff in 1964; and Polish Minister of Defense in 1968,[1] four years after he was elected to be a member of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party.[16] Jaruzelski benefited from the anti-zionist campaign in the army in the 1960s, during which more than 1000 Jewish officers were demoted or expelled. Even the non-Jewish minister of defence, Marshal Marian Spychalski was persecuted.[7] Jaruzelski obtained his post. In August 1968, Jaruzelski, as the defence minister, ordered the 2nd Army under General Florian Siwicki (of the "LWP") to invade Czechoslovakia, resulting in military occupation of northern Czechoslovakia until 11 November 1968 when under his orders and agreements with the Soviet Union his Polish troops were withdrawn and replaced by the Soviet Army. In 1970, he was involved in the successful plot against Władysław Gomułka, which led to the appointment of Edward Gierek as General Secretary of the Polish United Workers Party. There is some question whether he took part in organising the brutal suppression of striking workers; or whether his orders to the Communist military led to massacres in the coastal cities of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Elbląg and Szczecin. As Minister of Defense general Jaruzelski was ultimately responsible for 27,000 troops used against unarmed civilians.[8] He claims that he was circumvented, which is why he never apologised for his involvement, but he could have resigned, especially after the resignation of foreign minister Adam Rapacki, but did not.[8] Jaruzelski became a candidate member for the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party, the chief executive body of the party, obtaining full membership the following year.[1] Leader of the Polish military governmentOn 11 February 1981, Jaruzelski was named Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister). On 18 October, Stanisław Kania was ousted as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party after a listening device recorded him criticising the Soviet leadership. Jaruzelski was elected his successor, becoming the only professional soldier to become leader of a ruling European Communist party.[3][16] A fortnight after taking power, Jaruzelski met with Solidarity head Lech Wałęsa and Catholic bishop Józef Glemp, and hinted that he wanted to bring the church and the union into a sort of coalition government. However, his intention was to crush Solidarity.[9] As early as September, while he was still merely prime minister, he met with his aides to find an excuse to impose martial law.[9] On 13 December, citing purported recordings of Solidarity leaders planning a coup, Jaruzelski organised his own coup by proclaiming martial law.[3] A Military Council of National Salvation was formed, with Jaruzelski as chairman. A BBC News profile of Jaruzelski contends that the establishment of martial law was "an attempt to suppress the Solidarity movement."[1] According to Jaruzelski, martial law was necessary to avoid a Soviet invasion.[10] In a May 1992 interview with Der Spiegel, Jaruzelski said: "Given the strategic logic of the time, I probably would have acted the same way if I had been a Soviet general. At that time, Soviet political and strategic interests were threatened."[11] However, at a press conference in September 1997 Viktor Kulikov, former supreme commander of Warsaw Pact forces, denied that the Soviet Union had either threatened or intended to intervene.[12] According to Politburo minutes from 10 December 1981, Yuri Andropov stated "We do not intend to introduce troops into Poland. That is the proper position, and we must adhere to it until the end. I don't know how things will turn out in Poland, but even if Poland falls under the control of Solidarity, that's the way it will be."[13] Jaruzelski also claimed in 1997 that Washington had given him a "green light", stating that he had sent Eugeniusz Molczyk to confer with Vice-President George H. W. Bush, who had agreed with Molczyk that martial law was the lesser of two evils.[14] Whether this meeting with the American vice-president occurred is disputed. While it is erroneously cited,{{clarify|date=January 2019}} Harvard historian Mark Kramer has pointed out that no documents support Jaruzelski's claim.[15] Jaruzelski was chiefly responsible for the imposition of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 in an attempt to crush the pro-democracy movements, which included Solidarity, the first non-Communist trade union in Warsaw Pact history and to prevent growing anarchy (robberies, rapes, muggings) especially in big cities at times when communist militia was often attacked by the citizens. Subsequent years saw his government and its internal security forces censor, persecute, and jail thousands of journalists and opposition activists without charge; few lost their lives in the first days of introduction of martial law. The socio-economic crisis deepened even more than in the late 1970s and rationing of basic foods such as sugar, milk, and meat, as well as materials such as gasoline and consumer products continued while the median income of the population fell by as much as 10 percent. During Jaruzelski's rule from 1981 to 1989, around 300,000 people left the country.[15] Historical evidence released under Russian President Boris Yeltsin indicates that the Soviet Union did not plan to invade Poland. In fact, Jaruzelski actually tried to persuade the Soviets to invade in order to support martial law, only to be sternly turned down. This left the Solidarity "problem" to be sorted out by the Polish government (see also Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981). However, the exact plans of the Soviet Union at that time have never been determined. Jaruzelski, however, justified cracking down by alleging that the threat of Soviet intervention was quite likely had he not dealt with Solidarity internally. This question, as well as many other facts about Poland in the years 1945–1989, are presently under the investigation of government historians at the Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (IPN), whose publications reveal facts from the Communist-era archives. Additionally, there are numerous confirmations from Czech army officers of the time speaking of Operation Krkonoše, plan of armed invasion of Poland, because of which many units of the Czechoslovak People's Army were stationed on highest alert, ready for deployment within hours.[16] In 1982, Jaruzelski helped reorganise the Front of National Unity, the organisation the Communists used to manage their satellite parties, as the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth.[15] In 1985, Jaruzelski resigned as prime minister and defence minister and became the Chairman of the Polish Council of State — a post equivalent to that of head of state of Poland. However, his power centered on and firmly entrenched in his coterie of "LWP" generals and lower ranks officers of the Polish Communist Army.[15] PresidencyThe policies of Mikhail Gorbachev stimulated political reform in Poland. By the close of its tenth plenary meeting in December 1988, the Polish United Workers Party was forced by spreading labour unrest to approach leaders of Solidarity for talks.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} From 6 February to 15 April 1989, negotiations were held between 13 working groups during 94 sessions of the roundtable talks. These negotiations "radically altered the shape "of the Polish government and society", and resulted in an agreement which stated that a great degree of political power would be given to a newly created bicameral legislature. It also restored a post of president to act as head of state and chief executive. Solidarity was also declared a legal organisation. During the ensuing partially-free elections, the Communists and their allies were allocated 65 percent of the seats in the Sejm. Solidarity won all the remaining elected seats, and 99 out of the 100 seats in the fully elected Senate were also won by Solidarity-backed candidates.[17] Amid such a crushing defeat, there were fears Jaruzelski would annul the results. However, he allowed them to stand.[18] Jaruzelski was elected by parliament to the position of president. He was the only candidate. Jaruzelski was unsuccessful in convincing Lech Wałęsa to include Solidarity in a "grand coalition"[17] with the Communists. He resigned as first secretary of the PZPR on 29 July 1989.[17][19] Mieczysław Rakowski succeeded him as party leader.[19] The Communists initially intended to give Solidarity a few token cabinet posts for the sake of appearances. However, Wałęsa persuaded the Communists' two allied parties, the United People's Party (ZSL) and the Alliance of Democrats (SD), to break their alliance with the PZPR.[20] Accepting that he would have to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister, Jaruzelski then asked Wałęsa to select three candidates, one of whom he would ask to form a government. Ultimately, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, who had helped organise the roundtable talks, was selected as first non-Communist prime minister of an Eastern Bloc country in four decades.[21] Jaruzelski resigned as president in 1990.[17] He was succeeded by Wałęsa, who had won the presidential election on 9 December.{{cn|date=January 2019}} On 31 January 1991, Jaruzelski retired from the army.[22] After retirementIn October 1994, while attending a book-selling activity in Wroclaw, Jaruzelski was attacked by a male pensioner with a stone and had his jaw injured, after which he was sent to a hospital to receive surgery. The man had been arrested in prison during the martial law period. Later, the man was sentenced two years and fined 200 zloty.[23] In an interview in 2001, Jaruzelski said that he believed Communism failed, and that he was now a social democrat. He also announced his support for then-President Aleksander Kwaśniewski, as well as future Prime Minister Leszek Miller. Both Kwaśniewski and Miller were members of the Democratic Left Alliance, the social democratic party that includes most of the remains of the PUWP.[5] In May 2005, Russian President Vladimir Putin awarded a medal commemorating the 60th anniversary of victory over Nazi Germany to Jaruzelski and other former leaders, such as former Romanian King Michael I.[24] Czech President Václav Klaus criticised this step, claiming that Jaruzelski was a symbol of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Jaruzelski said that he had apologised and that the decision on the August 1968 invasion had been a great "political and moral mistake".[25] On 28 March 2006, Jaruzelski was awarded a Siberian Exiles Cross by Polish President Lech Kaczyński. However, after making this fact public Kaczyński claimed that this was a mistake and blamed the bureaucracy for giving him a document containing 1293 names without notifying him of Jaruzelski's presence within it. After this statement, Jaruzelski returned the cross.[26][27] On 31 March 2006, the IPN charged Jaruzelski with committing Communist crimes, mainly the creation of a criminal military organisation with the aim of carrying out criminal acts — mostly concerned with the illegal imprisonment of people. A second charge involved inciting state ministers to commit acts beyond their competence.[27] Jaruzelski evaded most court appearances citing poor health. In December 2010, Jaruzelski suffered from severe pneumonia,[28] and in March 2011, he was diagnosed with lymphoma.[29] DeathJaruzelski died on 25 May 2014, in a Warsaw hospital after suffering a stroke earlier that month.[30][31] Prior to his death, he reportedly requested last rites by a Catholic priest.[32][33] President Bronisław Komorowski and former Presidents Lech Wałęsa and Aleksander Kwaśniewski as well as hundreds of other Poles attended his funeral mass at the Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw on 30 May. Wałęsa and Komorowski, who were among the thousands imprisoned during the crackdown on Solidarity in 1981, both stated that judgment against Jaruzelski "would be left to God".[33][34] Jaruzelski was then cremated and buried with full military honours at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, near the grave of Bolesław Bierut, the first Communist leader of Poland after World War II.[35] The decision to bury Jaruzelski at Powązki, the resting place of Polish soldiers killed defending their country since the early 19th century, resulted in protests.[32] Personal lifeJaruzelski married Barbara Halina Jaruzelska (1931–29 May 2017)[36] in 1961.[37] They had a daughter, Monika who was born on 11 August 1963. Monika has a son, Gustav.{{cn|date=January 2019}} In 2014, his wife Barbara threatened to file for divorce, saying she had caught his nurse Dorota in a compromising position with him.[38][39][40] LegacyThe BBC reported in 2001 that "for some Poles — particularly the Solidarity generation — he is little short of a traitor",[1] even comparing his philosophy of "a strong Poland within a Soviet dominated bloc" to Vidkun Quisling's philosophy of a similar status for Norway within the Nazi controlled hemisphere.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Meanwhile, opinion polls as of 15 May 2001 suggested that a majority of the Polish people were open to agreeing with his explanation that martial law was implemented to forestall a Soviet invasion.[1] Available documents indicate that Jaruzelski actually lobbied for Soviet intervention.[8] In interviews in Russian media (Rossiyskaya Gazeta for example) he has been presented as the harbinger of Poland's democracy.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} Croatian writer Slavenka Drakulić described Jaruzelski as a "tragic believer in Communism who made a pact with the devil in good faith".[41] Written worksRóżnić się mądrze (English translation: To Differ Wisely) (1999).[42]"Być może to ostatnie słowo (wyjaśnienia złożone przed Sądem)" (English translation:"It may be the last word (explanations given in the Court)") (2008). Honours and awards{{unref|section|date=December 2018}}{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite news |last = Repa |first = Jan |title = Profile: Poland's last Communist leader |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News |date = 16 May 2001 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1332541.stm |accessdate =26 November 2008}} 2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KQdAAAAMAAJ&q=zaremba+Jaruzelski&dq=zaremba+Jaruzelski&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ClSCU62BE-He8AG-t4GgCw&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ |title=Jaruzelski, prime minister of Poland: selected speeches – Wojciech Jaruzelski, Robert Maxwell |publisher= |date=3 November 2006 |accessdate=28 May 2014}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Sebetsyen|first=Victor|title=Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York City|year=2009|isbn=0-375-42532-2}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Yanshun |title=Jaruzelski, the Shaker of Polish History |date=1 July 2016 |publisher=Shijiezhishi |location=Beijing, China |isbn=9787501252299 |pages=14–15 |edition=1 |ref=Liu |language=Chinese}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite news |last = Green |first = Peter S. |title = An Aging Ex-Dictator Who Refuses To Recant |page = 2 |work=The New York Times |date = 27 May 2001 |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E4DF143CF934A15756C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 | accessdate =29 November 2008}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=410|title=The Jaruzelski Case: The Ascent of Agent 'Wolski'|author=|date=|website=www.worldpoliticsreview.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 7. ^The Struggle in the Polish Leadership and the Revolt of the Apparat {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527110252/http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/ESAU/esau-41.pdf |date=27 May 2010 }} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Szporer|first=Michael|title=General Wojciech Jaruzelski|url=http://poland.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/poland/bios/jaruzelski|work=Global Museum on Communism|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009113728/http://poland.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/poland/bios/jaruzelski|archivedate=9 October 2011}} 9. ^1 Poland marks Communist crackdown, BBC News, 13 December 2006 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3OS-7gY1qIC&pg=PA69&dq=jaruzelski+1981+december+WRON+andropov&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title=How the Soviet Union Disappeared: An Essay on the Causes of Dissolution|first=Wisła|last=Suraska|date=1 April 1998|publisher=Duke University Press|accessdate=1 April 2018|via=Google Books}} 11. ^Das war psychische Folter Der Spiegel, 11 May 1992. 12. ^Malcolm Byrne, "New Evidence on the Polish Crisis 1980–1981", Cold War International History Project Bulletin 11 (Winter 1998), p. 4 13. ^Minutes of CPSU CC Politburo, 10 December 1981, Document No. 21, p. 165. 14. ^Jane Perlez, "Warsaw Journal: Old Cold War Enemies Exhume One Battlefield", The New York Times, 11 November 1997, p. 14. 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |author=CIA’s Historical Review |date=24 October 1997 |title=Cold War era analysis |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/historical-collection-publications/the-warsaw-pact/warsaw-pact.pdf |journal=Soviet – East European Military Relations in Historical Perspective Sources and Reassessments |publisher=The Historical Collections Division (HCD) of the Office of Information Management Services |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=18 of 44 |format=PDF file, direct download 12.2 MB |accessdate=26 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124212240/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/historical-collection-publications/the-warsaw-pact/warsaw-pact.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2013 }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.aktualne.centrum.cz/blogy/petr-klan.php?itemid=4576|title=Petr Klan » Když disident ujede|author=|date=|website=Aktuálně.cz - Víte, co se právě děje|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 17. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite news|title=Profile: Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski|work=Cable Network News (CNN)|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/jaruzelski/|accessdate =24 November 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080613043840/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/jaruzelski/ |archivedate=13 June 2008}} 18. ^{{cite book|title=The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall|last=Sarotte|first=Mary Elise|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York City|isbn=9780465064946|page=23}} 19. ^1 {{cite news|last=Butturini|first=Paula|title=Solidarity Foe Is New Polish Party Chief|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-07-30/news/8902210508_1_solidarity-secretaries-party-leadership-positions|accessdate=14 July 2013|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=30 July 1989|location=Warsaw}} 20. ^Piotr Wróbel, Rebuilding Democracy in Poland, 1989-2004, in {{cite book|author1=M. B. B. Biskupski|author2=James S. Pula|author3=Piotr J. Wrobel|title=The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-ySkJHOQsIC&pg=PA273|accessdate=4 June 2011|date=25 May 2010|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1892-5|pages=273–275}} 21. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/world/europe/tadeusz-mazowiecki-ex-premier-of-poland-dies-at-86.html|title=Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Ex-Premier of Poland, Dies at 86|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=28 October 2013}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/stanislaw-ciosek-gen-jaruzelski-to-wielki-polak-powinnismy-byc-mu-wdzieczni/kwb91 |title=Stanisław Ciosek: Gen. Jaruzelski to wielki Polak. Powinniśmy być mu wdzięczni |publisher=Wiadomosci.onet.pl |date= |accessdate=28 May 2014}} 23. ^{{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Yanshun |title=Jaruzelski, the Shaker of Polish History |date=1 July 2016 |publisher=Shijiezhishi |location=Beijing, China |isbn=9787501252299 |pages=354 |edition=1 |ref=Liu |language=Chinese}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501032906/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmafp/is_200505/ai_n14749487|title=Putin gives medal to Poland's communist-era strongman - AFP - Find Articles at BNET.com|author=|date=1 May 2008|website=archive.org|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/08/22/jaruzelski.shtml|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20040117185420/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/08/22/jaruzelski.shtml|deadurl=yes|title=Former Polish President Apologizes for 1968 Soviet-Led Invasion of Cz…|author=|date=17 January 2004|archivedate=17 January 2004|website=mosnews.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,3247791.html|title=Wyborcza.pl|author=|date=|website=wyborcza.pl|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 27. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/prasa/gwardianie-generala/vf533 |title=Gwardianie generała |publisher=Wiadomosci.onet.pl |date=26 July 2013 |accessdate=28 May 2014}} 28. ^{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/8230577/Wojciech-Jaruzelski-admitted-to-hospital-with-pneumonia.html |title=Wojciech Jaruzelski 'admitted to hospital with pneumonia' |publisher=Telegraph |date=29 December 2010 |accessdate=28 May 2014}} 29. ^{{cite web|last=Herald |first=Catholic |url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2014/05/27/do-not-judge-jaruzelski-say-polish-archbishops/ |title=Do not judge Jaruzelski, say Polish archbishops |publisher=CatholicHerald.co.uk |date= |accessdate=28 May 2014}} 30. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27567079 Poland's last Communist leader Wojciech Jaruzelski dies.] 25 May 2014, BBC News. 31. ^[https://news.yahoo.com/polands-gen-wojciech-jaruzelski-dies-90-153428869.html;_ylt=AwrSyCTRGIJTmjcASabQtDMD Poland's Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski dies at 90.] Warsaw, Poland (AP), 25 May 2014. 32. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2014/05/30/prayers-protests-at-polish-generals-funeral|title=Prayers, protests at Polish general's funeral - US News|author=|date=|website=usnews.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 33. ^1 Poland's Walesa kneels in prayer at funeral mass for former foe Jaruzelski | Reuters. 30 May 2014 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/world/walesa-i-will-leave-god-to-judge-jaruzelski-1-3428760|title=Walesa: ‘I will leave God to judge Jaruzelski’|author=|date=|website=scotsman.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 35. ^Three presidents to attend Jaruzelski funeral - National. 30 May 2014, TheNews.pl 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/zmarla-barbara-jaruzelska-zona-wojciecha-jaruzelskiego/gvyz521|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170605085754/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/zmarla-barbara-jaruzelska-zona-wojciecha-jaruzelskiego/gvyz521|deadurl=yes|title=Zmarła Barbara Jaruzelska, żona Wojciecha Jaruzelskiego - Wiadomości|author=|date=5 June 2017|archivedate=5 June 2017|website=onet.pl|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 37. ^{{Citation |author=Hella Pick |title=General Wojciech Jaruzelski obituary |publisher=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/25/general-wojciech-jaruzelski |accessdate=29 October 2014}} 38. ^Poland's Last Soviet-Era Dictator, aged 90, Seduces his Nurse, International Business Times 39. ^Wife of former Polish dictator seeking divorce over his affair with nurse: report, New York Daily News 40. ^Polish ex-dictator's wife wants divorce after his love affair with caretaker, Voice of Russia 41. ^{{Citation |author=Vanessa Gera |title=Poland's last Communist leader, Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, dies at age 90 |publisher=The Associated Press |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/poland-s-last-communist-leader-gen-wojciech-jaruzelski-dies-at-age-90-1.1837319 |accessdate=28 May 2014}} 42. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | title = Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301467/Wojciech-Witold-Jaruzelski | accessdate =24 November 2008}} 43. ^{{cite news|title=Jaruzelski gets highest Soviet prize|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SdcxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=muMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6605,2660494&dq=martin+dzur&hl=en|accessdate=7 September 2013|newspaper=Reading Eagle|date=5 July 1983|agency=AP|location=Moscow}} Bibliography
External links{{Commons}}
as President of Poland}}{{s-bef|before=Ryszard Kaczorowski (in Exile) Himself as Chairman of the Council of State}}{{s-ttl|title=President of Poland|years=19 July 1989 – 22 December 1990}}{{s-aft|after=Lech Wałęsa}}{{s-ppo}}{{s-bef|before=Stanisław Kania}}{{s-ttl|title=First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party|years=18 October 1981 – 29 July 1989}}{{s-aft|after=Mieczysław Rakowski}}{{s-end}}{{Chairmen of the Council of State of Poland}}{{Secretaries of the Central Committee of the PUWP}}{{Heads of state of Poland}}{{Prime Ministers of Poland}}{{Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc}}{{Fall of Communism}}{{History of the Polish People's Republic}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaruzelski, Wojciech}} 43 : 1923 births|2014 deaths|People from Puławy County|Clan of Ślepowron|Deaths from cerebrovascular disease|Members of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party|Polish Roman Catholics|Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism|Heads of state of the Polish People's Republic|Polish People's Army generals|Presidents of Poland|Polish military personnel of World War II|Prime Ministers of the People's Republic of Poland|Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–89)|Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–89)|Recipients of the Order of the Banner of Work|Silver Crosses of the Virtuti Militari|Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta|Recipients of the Order of the Builders of People's Poland|Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 3rd class|Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)|Recipients of the Silver Cross of Merit (Poland)|Recipients of the Order of Lenin|Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner|Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples|Collars of the Order of the White Lion|Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur|Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry|Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|Recipients of the Order of Sukhbaatar|Recipients of the Order of Georgi Dimitrov|Recipients of the Order of José Marti|Recipients of the Order of Klement Gottwald|Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx|Recipients of the Scharnhorst Order|Members of the Polish Sejm 1961–65|Members of the Polish Sejm 1969–72|Members of the Polish Sejm 1972–76|Members of the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic (1976–80)|Members of the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic (1980–85)|Communist rulers|Burials at Powązki Military Cemetery |
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