| 词条 | Clara B. Spence |
| 释义 |
| bgcolour = | name = Clara B. Spence | image = File:Clara_B._Spence.png | imagesize = | caption = | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1859 | birth_place = Albany, New York | death_date = 1923 | death_place = New York City | nationality = | field = | spouse = | children = 4 | relatives = }} Clara B. Spence (1859 -1923), American educator, women's and civil rights advocate, adoption pioneer and civic leader. Background and careerBorn in Albany, New York in 1859 Spence came from a middle-class family. She got a good education and a degree from Boston University in Oratory 1879. She studied Shakespeare in London University and came back to New York City to work as an actor in the Madison Square Theatre. However, when her mother died in 1883 Spence changed her focus from acting to education.[1][2][3][4][5] She started the Spence School for girls East 91st Street in New York City where she worked as the Head mistress for 31 years. In 1892 this included a nursery for abandoned babies. She became known as quite an innovative educator and was on many boards in the city including the American Museum of Natural History, Barnard College, the Oratorio Society and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. One of the teachers she hired for the school was Isadora Duncan. Edith Wharton gave lectures as did Helen Keller, with Anne Sullivan. One of the Alumni, Ruth Draper, was a close friend and returned to give talks at the school. Other speakers included Booker T. Washington and Aldous Huxley.[1][3][5][6][7] Personal lifeAs an educated woman of her day it was not entirely uncommon for her not to marry, in the last 2 decades of the 19th century 50% of the college educated women in the United States did not marry. In fact she found a like minded woman with whom she shared the rest of her life and with whom she adopted children making them one of the first same sex adoption families. Her partner was Charlotte S. Baker and together they ran the school Spence founded. In winter they lived with their children in an apartment at the school and in summer they moved to The Willows in Maine. The children were adopted through an adoption agency that Spence founded from the nursery that started the school, now called Spence-Chapin Services. She pioneered the idea of bringing children from other countries, in this case Great Britain, to the United States for adoption. Her own children were adopted in 1909, 1911, 1914 and 1915. Each of the two women adopted 2 children, a boy and a girl each. This personal investment in adoption paved the way for the modern idea of the children being part of the family and not cheap labour to be used. The women were supporters of the suffrage movement. Spence marched with Harriot Stanton Blatch in the Fifth Avenue march for equality in 1913.[1][8][3][5][6] Spence died in the summer of 1923. Her funeral was on November 22, 1923.[1][3] References and sources1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Clara B. Spence: Ahead of Her Time - Ms. Magazine Blog |url=http://msmagazine.com/blog/2015/03/06/clara-b-spence-ahead-of-her-time/ |website=Ms. Magazine Blog |date=6 March 2015}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Spence, Clara}}2. ^{{cite web |title=Spence-Chapin Adoption Services Honors Founder Clara Spence During National Women's History Month |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/03/prweb11700304.htm |website=PRWeb}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=MISS CLARA B.SPENCE, EDUCATOR, DIES AT 61; Head of Famous Spence School , for Girls Was Long Interested in Welfare of Children. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/08/10/archives/miss-clara-bspence-educator-dies-at-61-head-of-famous-spence-school.html |language=en|newspaper=The New York Times |date=1923-08-10 }} 4. ^{{cite journal |last1=May 16, 1932 |title=Education: New Head for Spence |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847022,00.html |journal=Time |publisher=Time magazine |date=16 May 1932}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite journal|author=Ulman, Martha|title= Clara Spence: New York's Adoption Pioneer|journal=New York History 90, No. 3 |volume= 90|issue= 3|date=2009|pages= 167–86|jstor= 23185114}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|author=Meryl Gordon|title=The Phantom of Fifth Avenue: The Mysterious Life and Scandalous Death of Heiress Huguette Clark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93|date=27 May 2014|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=978-1-4555-1264-5|pages=93–}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Joel Newsome|title=Kerry Washington: Actress and Activist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnpmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|date=15 December 2017|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-1-5026-3413-9|pages=10–}} 8. ^{{cite web |last1=Edmondson |first1=Mary Dillon |title=Profiles in Leadership: A History of the Spence School, 1892-1992 |publisher=Phoenix Pub}} 9 : 1859 births|1923 deaths|Activists from New York City|Philanthropists from New York (state)|American businesspeople|Boston University alumni|Alumni of the University of London|Suffragettes|Educators from New York City |
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