| 词条 | Clara Marguerite Christian |
| 释义 |
| name = Clara Marguerite Christian | birth_date = May 1895 | birth_place = Dominica, West Indies | death_date = September 1964 | death_place = Bermuda | relations = {{unbulleted list|George James Christian Sr (father)|Moira Stuart (grand-daughter)|Margaret Busby (niece)|Phyllis Christian (niece)}} | alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|University of Edinburgh}} | known_for = First black woman to study at the University of Edinburgh | occupation = }}Clara Marguerite Christian (May 1895 – September 1964), born in Dominica, was the first black woman to study at the University of Edinburgh and went on to be a "highly respected" mother of six.[1] Her university experience speaks to the "double jeopardy" of "navigating both race and gender within whiteness", embodying "the simultaneous invisibility and hyper-visibility" of being a black woman in Edinburgh during the 1910s.[2] LifeEarly life and educationClara Christian was born in Dominica during May 1895.[3] Her parents were Virginia Boland and George James Christian, the renowned barrister and pan-Africanist, who migrated to the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) in 1902.[4] After her mother died, Clara was educated at a convent school in Edinburgh, Scotland. She went on to study at the Hampton Institute and Oberlin College in the United States of America, where she trained as a singer.[5] In 1915, she enrolled as a medical student, having "obstinately insisted on taking a full medical course at Edinburgh", becoming the first black woman to study at the University of Edinburgh.[6] In Scotland, Clara was a member of the Edinburgh Afro-West Indian Association, alongside South African medical student Manasseh Robert Mahlangeni.[2][7][8] She started a relationship with and married fellow association member and medical student Edgar Gordon, and gave birth to their first child in 1917. Against the wishes of her father, Clara dropped out of her degree after marrying Edgar, and waited for her Trinidadian-born husband to complete his studies, in 1918.[6] Subsequent life and legacyAfter leaving Edinburgh, Clara and Edgar moved to Kinguissie, near Inverness, where Edgar worked as a doctor.[9] Their first three children – Barbara and twins Joyce and Evelyn – were born in Scotland.[10] The couple returned to the Caribbean in 1921, and Gordon worked briefly in Trinidad, then moved on to Dominica, where he became chief medical supervisor, and where their daughter Marjorie (the mother of Moira Stuart) was born.[10] In 1921 Gordon went to join the medical service in Bermuda, where the family subsequently settled, and Clara gave birth to sons Edgar and Kenneth.[10] Becoming involved in the life of the community, she organized cultural gatherings, including musical soirees, at their home, and Gordon "established a busy practice".[10] Their marriage, however, deteriorated and they separated permanently[11] in 1927 because of "irreconcilable matrimonial problems".[6] According to G. J. Christian, Edgar Gordon subsequently refused "to do his duty by her".[12] Clara successfully applied for the job of assistant matron at Achimota School in Ghana in 1937, but turned down the post because of the job's insecurity, poor pay and poor prospects.[13] Despite numerous legal battles with her former husband, Clara successfully brought up her daughters as a single mother: Barbara studied at the Royal Academy of Music, Joyce trained as a nurse in England and subsequently moved to the USA, Evelyn trained as a beautician and moved to New York, while Marjorie became a nurse and moved to London, and on her retirement joined her youngest daughter in Nova Scotia, Canada.[14][15] Clara's two sons, Edgar and Kenneth Gordon, meanwhile, enrolled as medical students at the University of Edinburgh in 1944.[16][17] Ghanaian student Emmanuel Evans-Anfom remembered the "Gordons from Trinidad" in 1940s Edinburgh: "West Indians exhibited airs of superiority but when they came into contact with students from West Africa they found we were all educated and in some cases better than themselves."[18] The brothers did not complete their studies due to financial difficulties, but Kenneth went on to become a successful jazz musician in London.[19][20][21] DeathClara Christian died in Bermuda in September 1964.[22] References1. ^{{Cite book|title=Returned Exile: A Biography of George James Christian of Dominica and the Gold Coast, 1869–1940|last=Rouse-Jones|first=Margaret|author2=Estelle Appiah|first2=|publisher=University of the West Indies Press, Jamaica|year=2016|isbn=|location=|page=62}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Savage, Agnes Yewande}}2. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://uncover-ed.org/clara-marguerite-christian/|title=Clara Marguerite Christian|last=Allman|first=Esme|date=2018|website=UncoverED – A collaborative decolonial research project|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=20 February 2019}} 3. ^Rouse-Jones and Appiah (2016), p. 31. 4. ^Rouse-Jones and Appiah (2016), p. 32. 5. ^Rouse-Jones and Appiah (2016), p. 36. 6. ^1 2 Rouse-Jones and Appiah (2016), p.37. 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Digby|first=Anne|date=June 2007|title=From Mahlangeni to Gumede – the second generation of black doctors in South Africa (1913 – 1930)|url=http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/825/292|journal=South African Medical Journal|volume=97|pages=424-429|via=}} 8. ^Mitchell, Henry (22 March 2018),[https://scottishcriticalheritage.wordpress.com/2018/03/22/when-the-world-came-to-scotland-student-radicals-at-edinburgh-university-1906-1946/ "When “the world came to Scotland”: student radicals at Edinburgh University, 1906-1946"], Scottish Critical Heritage. 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/whodoyouthinkyouare/past-stories/moira-stuart.shtml|title=Moira Stuart|last=|first=|date=|website=Who Do You Think You Are?|publisher=BBC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 10. ^1 2 3 "Dr. Edgar Fitzgerald Gordon", Bermuda Biographies. 11. ^"Dr. Edgar Fitzgerald Gordon", Bermuda Biographies. 12. ^Rouse-Jones and Appiah (2016), p. 50. 13. ^Rouse-Jones and Appiah (2016), p. 99. 14. ^[https://www.halifaxtoday.ca/obituaries/davis-marjorie-clara-742589 "DAVIS, Marjorie Clara"] (obituary), Halifax Today, 18 October 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2019. 15. ^Bell, Jonathan (20 October 2017), "‘Her warmth drew people to her’" (obituary), The Royal Gazette (Bermuda). Retrieved 21 February 2019. 16. ^[https://garycrosbybass.com/2013/11/ "RIP Ken Gordon (1927-2013)"], Gary Crosby, 9 November 2013. 17. ^Rouse-Jones and Appiah (2016), p. 62. 18. ^{{Cite book|title=To the Thirsty Land: Autobiography of a Patriot|last=Evans-Anfom|first=Emmanuel|publisher=African Christian Press, Achimota|year=2003|isbn=|location=|pages=103}} 19. ^Rouse-Jones and Appiah (2016), p. 62–63. 20. ^Johnston-Barnes, Owain (7 November 2013),"Musician son of national hero Dr EF Gordon dies at 86", The Royal Gazette (Bermuda). Retrieved 21 February 2019. 21. ^"Dr E.F. Gordon’s Son Ken Gordon Dies At 86", Bernews, 7 November 2013. 22. ^Rouse-Jones and Appiah (2016), p. 63. 4 : 1895 births|1964 deaths|University of Edinburgh Medical School alumni|Oberlin College alumni |
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