“Wolfenden report”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Wolfenden report

释义

Background
The committee
The recommendations of the report
Aftermath
See also
References
Footnotes Bibliography
Further reading

The Report of the Departmental Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (better known as the Wolfenden report, after Sir John Wolfenden, the chairman of the committee) was published in the United Kingdom on 4 September 1957 after a succession of well-known men, including Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Michael Pitt-Rivers, and Peter Wildeblood, were convicted of homosexual offences.

Background

Under the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, any homosexual activity between males was illegal. After the Second World War there had been an increase in arrests and prosecutions, and by the end of 1954, in England and Wales, there were 1,069 men in prison for homosexual acts, with a mean age of 37 years.{{sfn|Higgins|1996|p=56}} Following several sensational trials, notably that of Alan Turing and Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, the Conservative government set up a departmental committee under Sir John Wolfenden to consider both homosexual offences and prostitution.

The committee

The committee of 15 (3 women and 12 men) was led by Sir John Wolfenden (1906–1985) who had previously been headmaster of Uppingham and Shrewsbury and in 1950 became Vice Chancellor of the University of Reading.{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=6}} He later became Director of the British Museum.

In addition to the chairman, the committee members were the following:

James Adair, former Procurator-Fiscal for Glasgow{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=7}}
Mary {{citation needed span |date=March 2018 |text=G.}} Cohen,{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=7}} vice-president of the City of Glasgow Girl Guides and chairwoman of the Scottish Association of Girls' Clubs
Desmond Curran,{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=7}} senior psychiatrist at St George's Hospital, London, and psychiatric consultant to the Royal Navy
V. A. Demant, {{citation needed span |date=March 2018 |text=Anglo-Catholic priest serving as Canon of Christ Church, Oxford,}} and Regius Professor of Moral and Pastoral Theology at the University of Oxford{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=7}}
Sir Kenneth Diplock, Recorder of Oxford and High Court judge{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=7}}
Sir Hugh Linstead, Conservative MP for Putney, barrister, and pharmaceutical chemist{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=7}}
The 12th Marquess of Lothian,{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=7}} a Foreign Office minister
Kathleen Lovibond, chairwoman of the Uxbridge juvenile Magistrates' Court {{citation needed span |date=March 2018 |text=and member of the Conservative women's organisation}} who became Mayor of Uxbridge in 1956{{sfn|Lewis|2016|pp=7–8}}
Victor Mishcon, solicitor and Labour member and chairman of the London County Council{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=8}}
Goronwy Rees, Principal of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=8}} (resigned from the committee in April 1956)
R. F. V. Scott, Presbyterian minister of St Columba's Church, London (Church of Scotland){{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=8}} (resigned from the committee in March 1956)
Lady (Lily) Stopford, ophthalmologist and magistrate{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=8}}
William Wells, Labour MP for Walsall North and barrister{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=8}}
Joseph Whitby, general practitioner with psychiatric experience{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=8}}

The committee first met on 15 September 1954 and met on 62 days, 32 of which were used for interviewing witnesses. Wolfenden suggested at an early stage that for the sake of the ladies in the room, that they use the terms Huntley & Palmers after the biscuit manufacturers – Huntleys for homosexuals, and Palmers for prostitutes. Evidence was heard from police and probation officers, psychiatrists, religious leaders (who in those days were at the forefront of homosexual law reform^[1]), and gay men whose lives had been affected by the law.

The estimated cost of preparing the report was £8,046 of which £735 represented the estimated cost of printing and publication. The secretary for the committee was W. C. Roberts (Home Office) and his assistant was E. J. Freeman (Scottish Home Department).

Getting gay men to give evidence proved to be very difficult for the committee: Wolfenden considered placing an advert in a newspaper or magazine, but the committee instead decided to locate three men willing to give evidence: Peter Wildeblood, Carl Winter, and Patrick Trevor-Roper. Wildeblood had been convicted and sent to prison. Winter was director of the Fitzwilliam Museum and Trevor-Roper was a distinguished eye surgeon and brother of the famous historian Hugh Trevor-Roper. In order to protect their identities, Trevor-Roper was referred to as the "Doctor" while Winter was referred to as "Mr White".{{sfn|Higgins|1996|pp=41–42}}

The recommendations of the report

The committee recommended that "homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence".{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=275}} All but James Adair were in favour of this and, contrary to some medical and psychiatric witnesses' evidence at that time, found that "homosexuality cannot legitimately be regarded as a disease, because in many cases it is the only symptom and is compatible with full mental health in other respects." The report added,

{{quote|The law's function is to preserve public order and decency, to protect the citizen from what is offensive or injurious, and to provide sufficient safeguards against exploitation and corruption of others ... It is not, in our view, the function of the law to intervene in the private life of citizens, or to seek to enforce any particular pattern of behaviour.}}

The recommended age of consent was 21 years (the age of majority in the UK then).

The report also discussed the rise in street prostitution at the time, which it associated with "community instability" and "weakening of the family". As a result, there was a police crackdown on street prostitution following the report{{sfn|Weeks|1981|p=240}} and the Street Offences Act 1959 was passed.

Aftermath

The report's recommendations attracted considerable public debate, including a famous exchange of views in publications by Lord Devlin, a leading British judge, whose ideas and publications argued against the report's philosophical basis, and H. L. A. Hart, a leading jurisprudential scholar, who provided argument in its support.

In The Enforcement of Morals, Devlin states that the Wolfenden report "is recognized to be an excellent study of two very difficult legal and social problems".{{sfn|Devlin|1965}} Devlin attacks the principle, derived from John Stuart Mill's On Liberty, that the law ought not concern itself with "private immorality", saying that the report "requires special circumstances to be shown to justify the intervention of the law. I think that this is wrong in principle".{{sfn|Devlin|1965|p=11}}

The recommendations eventually led to the passage of the Sexual Offences Act 1967, applying to England and Wales only, that replaced the previous law on sodomy contained in the Offences against the Person Act 1861 and the 1885 Labouchere Amendment which outlawed every homosexual act short of sodomy. The Act did not become law until a decade after the report was published in 1957.

The historian Patrick Higgins has described a number of flaws with the report: "its failure to understand or appreciate (except in the most negative terms) the importance of the homosexual subculture".{{sfn|Higgins|1996|p=89}}

It later became known{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} that Wolfenden's son Jeremy Wolfenden was gay.{{sfn|Lewis|2016|p=7}}

In 1997, John Wolfenden came 45th in the Pink Paper’s list of the “top 500 lesbian and gay heroes”.^[2]

References

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite news |last=Bedell |first=Geraldine |author-link=Geraldine Bedell |date=24 June 2007 |title=Coming out of the Dark Ages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/jun/24/communities.gayrights |dead-url=no |newspaper=The Observer |location=London |publisher=Guardian Media Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831130526/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/jun/24/communities.gayrights |archive-date=31 August 2013 |access-date=10 March 2018}}
2. ^Pink Paper (500). 26 September 1997. p. 19.

Bibliography

{{cite book

|last=Berg
|first=Charles
|year=1959
|title=Fear, Punishment, Anxiety and the Wolfenden Report
|publisher=George Allen & Unwin
|ref=harv
}}

{{cite book

|last=Chesser
|first=Eustace
|author-link=Eustace Chesser
|year=1958
|title=Live and Let Live: The Moral of the Wolfenden Report
|publisher=Taylor Garnett & Evans
}}

{{cite book

|author=Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution
|year=1957
|title=Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution
|location=London
|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office
}}

{{cite book

|last=Devlin
|first=Patrick
|author-link=Patrick Devlin, Baron Devlin
|year=1965
|title=The Enforcement of Morals
|url=https://archive.org/details/enforcementofmor00devl
|url-access=limited
|location=London
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-285018-8
|access-date=10 March 2018
|ref=harv
}}

{{cite book

|last=Grey
|first=Antony
|author-link=Antony Grey
|year=1992
|title=Quest for Justice: Towards Homosexual Emancipation
|publisher=Sinclair-Stevenson
|ref=harv
}}

{{cite book

|last=Higgins
|first=Patrick
|year=1996
|title=Heterosexual Dictatorship: Male Homosexuality in Postwar Britain
|location=London
|publisher=Fourth Estate
|isbn=978-1-85702-355-8
|ref=harv
}}

{{cite book

|last=Lewis
|first=Brian
|year=2016
|title=Wolfenden's Witnesses: Homosexuality in Postwar Britain
|location=Basingstoke, England
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan
|doi=10.1057/9781137321503
|isbn=978-1-137-32150-3
|ref=harv
}}

{{cite book

|last=Weeks
|first=Jeffery
|author-link=Jeffrey Weeks (sociologist)
|year=1981
|title=Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800
|location=London
|publisher=Longman
|ref=harv
}}{{refend}}

Background

The committee

The recommendations of the report

Aftermath

See also

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading