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词条 Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper
释义

  1. Functions

  2. History

  3. Abuses

  4. Abolition

  5. List

     Clerks of the hanaper  Clerks of the crown  Clerks of the crown and hanaper 

  6. References

     Sources  Citations 

  7. Further reading

  8. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}{{Use Irish English|date=May 2017}}

The Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper was a civil servant within the Irish Chancery in the Dublin Castle administration. His duties corresponded to the offices of Clerk of the Crown and Clerk of the Hanaper in the English Chancery.[1] Latterly, the office's most important functions were to issue writs of election to the Westminster Parliament, both for the Commons and for Irish representative peers in the Lords.

Functions

In 1859 commissioners investigating the Irish Chancery described duties of the office thus:[2]

{{quote|

The office of the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in Chancery is regulated by the Act of 6 and 7 Wm. IV., cap. 74, which provides that the office shall consist of the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper, and two clerks to be appointed by him.

The duties of the office are threefold :—first, those connected with the petty-bag or law side of the Court; secondly, preparing and issuing certain writs specified in the schedule to the Act of 4 Geo. IV., cap. 61; and thirdly, swearing gentlemen into office before the Lord Chancellor.

The business of the petty-bag or law-side of the Court, is confined to proceedings to enforce the performance of a recognizance entered into in the Court, and to proceedings in cases of debt against officers of the Court, there being an antiquated privilege appertaining to officers of the Court of Chancery, that they are not amenable in cases of debt to the ordinary tribunals of the country, but must be sued in their own Court.


}}

Prior to the acts, enumerated thus in 1817 by commissioners into legal costs:[3]

  • As clerk of the Crown, it is his duty, as appears by his patent, to make out and engross all letters patent for the appointment of sheriffs; all commissions of the peace and gaol delivery, and all process in recognizances of the staple; with some other duties, not now of frequent recurrence.
  • As clerk of the Hanaper, he makes out all letters patent for lands granted by the Crown; all patents of nobility, spiritual and temporal; all presentations by the Crown, to ecclesiastical dignities, and benefices; he is also to prepare and engross all charters of incorporation, grants of fairs, markets, letters of denization, pensions, offices, &c.; and all injunctions, and writs of execution of decrees in Chancery, writs of attachment, and commissions of rebellion, with other Chancery writs.

Until 1836, the Clerk was appointed by letters patent, and could himself appoint a deputy.[4] There were no statutory qualifications required for the post.[3]

In 1868 the Public Record Office of Ireland catalogued the older records it archived from the Hanaper office thus:[4]

  1. Writs of Election and Returns of Members of Parliament.
  2. Writs and Returns electing Temporal Peers
  3. Commissions of Lunacy, Idiocy, &c, and Returns.
  4. Writs of Ad quod Damnum.
  5. Commissions of Inquiry, and Inquisitions thereunder.
  6. Writs to elect Coroners, and Returns.
  7. Significavit and Warrants for Writs of Excommunicate Capiendo
  8. Apostles and Warrants for Commissions of Delegates
  9. Dedimuses to swear in Justices of the Peace, and a number of Six Clerk dockets
  10. Fiants
  11. Proclamations and Warrants for sealing them.
  12. Commissions of Valuation.
  13. Warrants for Pardons
  14. Commissions to examine Witnesses before Lords Deputy and Council
  15. Writs of Ease.
  16. Sheriffs' Patents.
  17. Warrants for superseding Magistrates.
  18. Warrants of Appointment to the office of Custos Rotulorum.
  19. Warrants appointing Masters Extraordinary.
  20. Commissions of Array.
  21. Commissions of Perambulation relating to ecclesiastical matters.
  22. Commissions of Assize and Association.
  23. Writs of Summons to Parliament (Irish)
  24. Rolls of Allegiance
  25. Roll of Oaths of Roman Catholic and Assistant Barristers
  26. Writs of Scire Facias.

A mandate from Edward IV enumerates "that the Clerc of the Hanapier continuelly receive the fees of the sele of writts, comisssions, and patents, and also all suche fynes as shall be made in the Chaunsery, and thereupon pay the Chaunsellor his fees, wages and rewardes accustomed, and deliver the remnant unto the Kyng's Ex[checquer]. upon his accomptes, which he shall make yerly therof".[7] It also mandates the clerk to appoint deputies in the King's Bench and Common Pleas to collect the fees and fines from those courts.[5]

History

{{see also|Hanaper}}

James Roderick O'Flanagan states:[6]

The office of Clerk of the Hanaper is of old date in Ireland. In this office the writs relating to the suits of the subject, and the return thereon, were anciently kept in hanaperio, a hamper; while those relating to the crown were placed in parva baga, a little bag; whereon arose the names Hanaper and Petty Bag Offices.

The offices of clerk of the hanaper and clerk of the crown in Chancery were originally separate but came to be held by the same person in the seventeenth century and were later formally merged.[7] From 1888 the holder was ex officio secretary to the Lord Chancellor of Ireland.[7]

Abuses

In 1789, the Attorney-General for Ireland told the Irish House of Commons that it had "been a matter of necessity to purchase home the office of Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper to the court of Chancery; the person who had held that employment had been for twenty years an absentee, during which time the business had been done in such an irregular and slovenly manner, that a reform was indispensable".[8] The 1817 commissioners noted disapprovingly that the appointed Clerk was paid £1800 annually by a deputy who in return kept all the fees chargeable by the office.[9] They recommended that the Clerk should be paid a fixed salary and required to execute the office in person rather than by deputy;[9] this was mandated by the Court of Chancery (Ireland) Acts of 1823 and 1836.[10] The 1836 act formally abolished the existing patented office (compensating the holder) and established a replacement office on a statutory basis so that it could be subject to regulation.[11] The 1859 commissioners recommended that the office be abolished, its few functions transferred elsewhere in Chancery, and the prolix form of its documents be simplified to reduce the cost of scriveners.[2]

Abolition

The last Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper was Gerald Horan (1880–1949),[12] who issued the writs for the June 1921 Stormont election[13] and June 1922 Free State provisional parliament election,[14] and a royal charter in September 1922 to the Law Society of Northern Ireland.[15] His office was one of the parts of the Dublin Castle administration which had not been transferred to the Provisional Government by 27 September 1922.[16][17]

In the Irish Free State, the offices of Chancery and Hanaper were presumed not to have survived the coming into force of the Free State Constitution on 6 December 1922.[1] Writs for the 1923 Free State election were issued by the clerk of the Dáil.[18][19] The office's residual statutory election functions were formally transferred to the Department of Local Government and Public Health when that was established under the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924.[20] The office was implicitly abolished by the Court Officers Act 1926.[7][21]

In Northern Ireland, The Speaker of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland in March 1923 refused to allow the moving of a by-election writ because there was no official appointed to do so.[22] An order in council of 12 August 1924 transferred the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper's election functions in Northern Ireland to the Clerk of the Crown for Northern Ireland.[23]

List

{{expand list|date=September 2016}}

Clerks of the hanaper

  • 1297: John Marshal[24]
  • 1382: Richard Carran; Thomas Talbot; John Newport; Nicholas Hotot[24]
  • 1383–86: Robert Sutton[24]
  • 1386: John Bykeley[24]
  • 1388: Robert Huntingdon[24]
  • 1388–95: Robert Clayton[24]
  • 1399-1410 Hugh Bavent[25]
  • 1410–after 1423 John Passavant[26]
  • 1425–27: Stephen Roche[26]
  • 1427–28: Richard Newport (ejected as no longer resident)[26]
  • 1428–30: Stephen Roche[26]
  • 1430: James Blakeney[26]
  • c.1431–37 William Sutton[26]
  • 1439: Adam Veldon[26]
  • 1439–after 1442: Thomas Beltoft and John Bolt in survivorship[26]
  • 1450–after 1461: James Prendergast (alias Collyn)[26][27]
  • 1461: Patrick Cogley[28]
  • 1479: Richard Nangle[24]
  • Until 1532: Nicholas Wycombe[29][52]
  • 1532–35: William Fitzwilliam[29][30][52]
  • from 1535: jointly[31] to Nicholas Stanyhurst (father of James Stanihurst[32]) and Thomas Alen (brother of John Alan[33][34])
  • from 1554: Thomas Alen alone as last survivor
  • c.1559–after 1588 Lancelot Alford[35]
  • by 1592: William Phillips[36] (granted in 1588 in reversion from Alford's death[37])

Clerks of the crown

  • 1414–43 Thomas Brown[26]
  • 1443–60 Hugh Wogan[26]
  • 1553: Nicholas Stanyhurst

Clerks of the crown and hanaper

  • 1603–37: John King[38][39]
  • 1606–after 1619: Francis Edgeworth (brother of Edward Edgeworth[38][40]) jointly with John King
  • 1637–after 1666: George Carleton[41] (Edward Nicholas in 1628 secured the reversion on death of King, and sold it to Carleton for £1060,[42][43] granted in 1631.[44])
  • After 1666: William Domville (secured in reversion by his father William Domville, Attorney General for Ireland)[45][46]
  • 1670–74: Lancelot and Richard Domville (sons of the elder William Domville)[46]
  • 1674–1721: Thomas Domvile, later 1st Baronet[47][48] (son of the elder William Domville)[46]
  • 1689 Thomas Arthur (Patriot Parliament appointment)[49]
  • 1721–68: Sir Compton Domvile, 2nd Baronet[50][46][51]
  • 1768–88: Henry Seymour Conway[51][52] (His uncle Henry Seymour Conway was appointed on 15 January 1757 in reversion on Domvile's death[53])
  • 1788–95 Sir Lucius O'Brien, 3rd Baronet[51][54]
  • 1795–97: William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster[51][54]
  • 1797–1806: Edmund Pery, Lord Glentworth (later 1st Earl of Limerick)[51][54]
  • 1806–07: George Forbes, 6th Earl of Granard[51][54][55]
  • 1807–14: George Nugent, 7th Earl of Westmeath[56]
  • 1815–37: George Forbes, 6th Earl of Granard (again)[55][57]
  • 1837–56: Christopher Fitzsimon[58]
  • 1857–58: John O'Connell[59]
  • 1858–80: Sir Ralph Smith Cusack[60][61]
  • 1880–82: Sir Robert William Arbuthnot Holmes[62]
  • 1882–88: William Neilson Hancock[63]
  • 1888–1915: Joseph Nugent Lentaigne[64][65]
  • 1915–22: Gerald Horan[65]

References

Sources

  • {{cite book|last=Commissioners appointed to inquire into the duties of the officers and clerks of the Court of Chancery in Ireland|title=Report |url=http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/13990/|series=Sessional papers|volume=(12) 2473|year=1859|publisher=Alexander Thom|location=Dublin}}
  • {{cite book|title=The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA205|accessdate=19 September 2016|volume=4 George IV|year=1824|pages=205–232|chapter=Court of Chancery (Ireland) Act, 1823 (4 George IV c.61) }}
  • {{cite book|title=The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=36FUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA191|volume=Vol.14|year=1838|publisher=George Eyre and Andrew Strahan|pages=191–198|chapter=Court of Chancery (Ireland) Act, 1836 (6 & 7 William IV c.74)}}
  • {{cite book|last=Foster|first=Joseph|title=The peerage, baronetage, and knightage of the British Empire |year=1883 |url=https://archive.org/details/peeragebaronetag02fost|volume=Vol.2 |publisher=Nichols|location=Westminster }}
  • {{cite book |last=Matthew |first=E. A. E. |year=1994 |url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1977/1/1977.pdf#page=513 |format=PDF |title=The governing of the Lancastrian lordship of Ireland in the time of James Butler, fourth Earl of Ormond c.1420-1452. |series=E-Theses |publisher=Durham University}}
  • {{cite book|last= O'Connell|first=Maurice R.|title=The correspondence of Daniel O'Connell|volume=Vol. 3, 1824–1828 |year=1974 |publisher=Irish University Press for the Irish Manuscripts Commission |isbn=978-0716502043 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Otway-Ruthven |first=A.J. |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Crooks |title=Government, War and Society in Medieval Ireland|year=2008|publisher=Four Courts Press|isbn=9781846821059|chapter=The medieval Irish chancery |pages=106–120}}

Citations

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1966/feb/03/petition-representation-of-irish-peers#column_573|title=PETITION: REPRESENTATION OF IRISH PEERS|last=Gardiner, Baron Gardiner|first=Gerald|authorlink=Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner|date=3 February 1966|work=HL Deb|publisher=Hansard|nopp=Y |page=vol 272 col.573|accessdate=10 September 2016}}
2. ^1 Chancery Commission 1859, pp.6–7
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1907/apr/17/irish-chancery-court-appointments|title=Irish Chancery Court Appointments—Professional Qualifications.|last=Corbett|first=Thomas Lorimer |authorlink=Thomas Lorimer Corbett|date=17 April 1907|work=Hansard|nopp=Y |page=HC Deb vol 172 cc946–7|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
4. ^{{cite book|title=First Report |author=Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVYRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA63|date=12 February 1869|pages=63–64}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://chancery.tcd.ie/document/close/19-edward-iv/8|title=Close Roll 19 Edward IV ; No.8|date=1479–80|work=CIRCLE|accessdate=22 September 2016}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=O'Flanagan|first=James Roderick|title=The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Queen Victoria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TissAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA135|accessdate=19 September 2016|year=1870|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|page=135}}
7. ^1 2 {{cite journal |volume=7 |first=G. J. |last=Hand |date=1973 |journal=The Irish Jurist |title=Rules and Orders to be Observed in the Proceedings of Causes in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland, 1659 |page=119}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=The Parliamentary Register: Or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons of Ireland ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XRAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA259|volume=IX|year=1790|publisher=Printed by P. Byrne and W. Porter|location=Dublin|page=259}}
9. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Commissioners of Inquiry into Courts of Justice in Ireland |title=First report (Chancery) with appendix |date=1817 |chapter=Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper |pages=89–96 |chapterurl=http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/9054/page/203735 |series=Sessional papers |volume=Vol.10 9 |accessdate=10 September 2016 }}; {{cite book |author=Commissioners of Inquiry into Courts of Justice in Ireland |title=Fourth report (Offices) |date=1818 |chapterurl=http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/9087/page/204496 |chapter=Clerk of Crown and Hanaper |series=Sessional papers |volume=Vol.10 140 |accessdate=10 September 2016 }}
10. ^Court of Chancery (Ireland) Act 1823, §§ 1, 4, 5, and 53, and Schedule Table 10; Court of Chancery (Ireland) Act 1836, §§ 1–3
11. ^1 Court of Chancery (Ireland) Act 1836, §§ 1–3
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://letters1916.maynoothuniversity.ie/explore/letters/1129|title=Letter from Gerald Horan to James O'Shea, 11 February 1916|work=Explore: Letters of 1916|publisher=Maynooth University|accessdate=10 September 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html|title=Tuesday, 7th June, 1921|date=7 June 1921|work=The Stormont Papers|publisher=Arts and Humanities Data Service|nopp=Y |page=House of Commons debates Vol.1 col.1 |quote=the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper (Gerald Horan, Esq., K.C.) delivered to the said Arthur Irwin Dasent, Esq., a book containing a list of the names of the Members returned to serve in this Parliament|accessdate=10 September 2016}}
14. ^{{cite book|last=Augusteijn|first=Joost|title=The Irish Revolution, 1913-1923|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BAnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT97|accessdate=10 September 2016|date=2002-08-09|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137239839|page=97}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lawsoc-ni.org/DatabaseDocs/royal-charter.pdf |format=PDF|title=Charter of The Incorporated Law Society of Northern Ireland|date=12 September 1922|publisher=Law Society of Northern Ireland|accessdate=10 September 2016}}
16. ^{{cite journal|title=Provisional Government (Transfer of Functions) Order, 1922. Agreement as to Day of Transfer.|journal=London Gazette|issue=32661|page=2732|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32661/supplement/2732 |date=4 April 1922 |accessdate=16 September 2016}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1922092700005?opendocument|title=Transferred and Lent Officers|date=27 September 1922|work=Dáil Éireann debates|accessdate=10 September 2016}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1923/act/12/section/54/enacted/en/html|title=Electoral Act, 1923, Section 54|work=Irish Statute Book|accessdate=10 September 2016}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1923091900003 |title=Cur Amach Riteacha [Issuing of writs]|author=Clerk of Dáil Eireann|date=19 September 1923|work=Dáil Éireann Debate|quote=In compliance with Standing Order No. 3 of the Standing Orders of Dáil Eireann, I have to report that on the 9th August, 1923, immediately upon the issue of the Proclamation of that date summoning the Oireachtas to meet at Dublin on the 19th September, 1923, I issued my writs, pursuant to the relative provisions of the Electoral Act, 1923, to the following Returning Officers for the Constituencies named hereunder|accessdate=10 September 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1924/act/16/schedule/1/enacted/en/html#sched1|title=Ministers and Secretaries Act, 1924, Schedule 1|work=Irish Statute Book|pages=Third Part |nopp=Y|accessdate=10 September 2016}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/act/27/section/31/enacted/en/html#sec31|title=Court Officers Act, 1926|work=Irish Statute Book|nopp=Y |page=section 31(3)–(4)|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html?volumeno=3&pageno=114|title=Writ for Vacant Seat.|date=14 March 1923|work=House of Commons debates, Vol. 3 col.113|publisher=The Stormont Papers|accessdate=10 September 2016|quote=I think I could hardly accept such a motion now, for the very good reason that, so far as I know, there is nobody to whom I could issue my warrant for the writ. From inquiries I have made, and information I have received, I am given to understand that there is no person at present in the North of Ireland representing the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper, to whom my warrant would be issued, and therefore until such a person is appointed—no doubt it will be very soon—I do not see that I could accept a motion to issue my warrant when there is nobody of whom I have official cognizance to whom to issue it.}}
23. ^{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Colin|date=12 August 1924|title=Election Laws (Northern Ireland) Order, 1924|journal=London Gazette|issue=32964|page=6032|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32964/page/6032 |accessdate=16 September 2016}}
24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Otway-Ruthven 2008, pp.119–120
25. ^Matthew 1994, p.59 fn.15
26. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Matthew 1994, pp.500–502
27. ^{{cite journal |jstor=25506129 |title=Richard, Duke of York, and the Development of an Irish Faction|last=Gorman|first=Vincent|year=1985|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C|volume=85C |pages=169–179: 176 }}
28. ^Matthew 1994, p.76
29. ^1 {{cite book|last=Morrin|first=James|title=Calendar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery in Ireland, of the Reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NopCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA5|accessdate=22 September 2016|volume=Vol.I: 1514–1575|year=1861|publisher=A. Thom & sons|pages=5, no.22 |quote=Appointment of William Fitzwilliam to the office of Clerk of the Hanaper of Chancery, during pleasure, vice Nicholas Wycombe. —Aug. 26, 24°.}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/fitzwilliam-sir-william-i-1559|title=FITZWILLIAM, Sir William I (d.1559), of Windsor, Berks.|last=Irene Cassidy|work=History of Parliament Online|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
31. ^1 2 {{cite book|chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/op1250240-1001#page/n35/mode/2up|author=Deputy Keeper of Public Records in Ireland |title=Seventh report with appendix |page=35 no.40 |chapter=Appendix X |quote=Grant to Nicholas Stanyhurst and Thomas Alen; of the office of clerk or keeper of the hanaper, held by William Fitzwilliam. To hold to them and the longer liver, with such fees as Nicholas Wycombe or Richard Nangle had.—11 August, xxvii.|series=Command papers |volume=C.1175 |date=1875 |accessdate=19 September 2016}}
32. ^{{cite book |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Stanyhurst,_Richard_(DNB00)|title=Stanyhurst, Richard|last=Lee|first=Sidney|work=Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900|volume=54|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kildare.ie/ehistory/index.php/leixlip-chronology-1550-1585-ad/|title=Leixlip Chronology 1550 –1585|last=Colgan|first=John|work=Kildare.ie|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
34. ^{{cite journal|date=1896–99|journal=Journal of the Co. Kildare Archaeological Society and Surrounding Districts|volume=2|first=W.T. |last=Kirkpatrick |title=Donacomper Church |pages=277–283: 280}}
35. ^{{cite book|last=Brady|first=Ciaran|title=The Chief Governors: The Rise and Fall of Reform Government in Tudor Ireland 1536-1588|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMWc45HNwtcC&pg=PA83|accessdate=20 September 2016|date=2002-06-06|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521520041|page=83}}
36. ^{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Rhys|title=The Welsh and the Shaping of Early Modern Ireland, 1558-1641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRMABQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|accessdate=20 September 2016|year=2014|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd.|isbn=9781843839248|page=62}}
37. ^{{cite book|last=Deputy Keeper of Public Records in Ireland|title=Sixteenth report|url=http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/17592/page/470083|series=Command papers|volume=C.4062|date=12 March 1884|publisher=Alex. Thom|location=Dublin |page=82, no.5249|chapter=Appendix II: Continuation of the fiants of the reign of Queen Elizabeth}}
38. ^1 {{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Gordon |authorlink=Gordon Goodwin|title=Dictionary of National Biography|chapterurl=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/King,_John_(d.1637)_(DNB00)|volume=Volume 31|year=1892|chapter=King, John (d.1637)}}
39. ^{{cite journal |last=Treadwell |first=Victor |date=March 1960 |title=The Irish Court of Wards under James I |url= |journal=Irish Historical Studies |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=1–27: 11 |jstor=30005037 |access-date= }}
40. ^{{cite book|last=Edgeworth|first=Richard Lovell|title=Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Esq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0C4JAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA6|accessdate=19 September 2016|year=1820|publisher=R. Hunter|page=6}}
41. ^{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Anthony|title=Edward's Cork Remembrancer ... from the earliest period, to the year 1792|chapter=1666: The list for civil affairs |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlxZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA98|accessdate=19 September 2016|year=1792|publisher=A. Edwards|page=98}}
42. ^{{cite book|chapterurl=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicholas,_Edward_(DNB00)|chapter=Nicholas, Sir Edward|last=Shaw|first=William Arthur|title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=40 |page=429|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
43. ^{{cite book |chapterurl=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/nicholas-edward-1593-1669 |chapter=NICHOLAS, Edward (1593-1669), of Dover Castle, Kent and King Street, Westminster; later of West Horsley, Surr. |last1=Alcorn Baron|first1=Sabrina|first2=Andrew |last2=Thrush |title=History of Parliament |volume=1604-1629 |accessdate=19 September 2016 |publisher=History of Parliament Trust }}
44. ^{{cite book|last=Morrin|first=James|title=Calendar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery in Ireland, of the Reign of Charles the First: First to Eighth Year, Inclusive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWBAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593|accessdate=19 September 2016|year=1863|publisher=A. Thom, Hodges, Smith & Company|page=593}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/projects/carte/carte44.html|title=Volume 44, July-December 1666|last=Edwards|first=Edward|year=2005|work=Carte Calendar|publisher=Bodleian Library, University of Oxford|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
46. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last=Ball|first=Francis Elrington|authorlink=Francis Elrington Ball|year=1901|title=Loughlinstown and its History|journal=The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland|volume=31 (11, 5th series)|issue=1|pages=68–84: 77, fn.5|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofroyalso31royauoft#page/77}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_027736|title=Translation of patent appointing Thomas Domvile Clerk of the Hanaper and Clerk of the Crown in the Chancery of the Kingdom of Ireland, 1675|work=Holdings: Domvile Papers.|publisher=National Library of Ireland|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
48. ^Foster 1883, p.vi
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_006333|title=Warrants for a grant to Thomas Arthur of the Offices of Clerk of the Hanaper and Clerk of the Crown in the Court of Chancery and to Donnogh, Earl of Clancarty of the office of Clerk of the Crown and Peace of Munster. May 1689.|work=Holdings: Stuart Mss|publisher=National Library of Ireland|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
50. ^{{cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Richard J.|date=31 March 1904|title=The Courts, Judges, and Legal Office-Holders of Ireland in 1739 |jstor=25507344|journal=The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland|volume= 34 [Fifth Series, Vol. 14]|issue=1|pages=20–29: 21}}
51. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|last=Beatson|first=Robert|title=A Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain & Ireland|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_UnAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA329|accessdate=21 September 2016|year=1806|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme|volume=Vol.3|edition=3rd|pages=329–330|chapter=A List of the Principal Officers in the Court of Chancery, since October 1760}}
52. ^{{cite book|title=The English Peerage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxVnAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA362|volume=Vol.1|year=1790|publisher=G.G.J. and J. Robinson|location=London|page=362}}
53. ^{{cite book|title=The Magazine of Magazines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8kRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96|volume=XIII|date=January 1757|publisher=Andrew Welsh|location=Limerick|page=96|chapter=Promotions}}
54. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|editor-last=Aspinall|editor-first=Arthur|title=The later correspondence of george 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA443|accessdate=20 September 2016|volume=IV|year=1968|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=9781001405421|nopp=Y |page=443; No.3247 and fn.1}}
55. ^1 O'Connell 1974, p.426, note 7
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId=a6249|title=Nugent, George Frederick|last=Woods|first=C. J.|work=Dictionary of Irish Biography|publisher=Cambridge University Press|accessdate=21 September 2016}}
57. ^{{cite book |chapterurl=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/forbes-george-john-1785-1836 |quote=What clinched matters was his father's appointment in 1815 as clerk of the hanaper, the Irish sinecure he had requested, worth £1,800 a year. |chapter=FORBES, George John, Visct. Forbes (1785-1836), of Kilren, co. Louth. |last=Jupp|first=P. J. |title=History of Parliament |volume=1790-1820 |accessdate=19 September 2016 |publisher=History of Parliament Trust }}
58. ^O'Connell 1974, p.112 note 3
59. ^{{cite book |title=Compendium of Irish Biography |year=1878 |first=Alfred |last=Webb |location=Dublin |publisher=Gill |chapterurl=http://www.libraryireland.com/biography/JohnOConnell.php |chapter=John O'Connell |accessdate=19 September 2016}}
60. ^Chancery Commission 1859, p.59 Q.775
61. ^Foster 1883, p.709
62. ^{{cite book |chapter=Holmes (U. O.) |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/armorialfamilies00foxd#page/679/mode/1up |title=Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour |last=Fox-Davies |first=Arthur Charles |authorlink=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |location=Edinburgh |publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack |year=1905 |page=679 |accessdate=21 September 2016}}
63. ^{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=J. G. |date=February 1935 |title=Some Nineteenth-Century Irish Economics |url= |journal=Economica |volume=New Series, Vol. 2 |issue=5 |pages=20–32: 25 |doi=10.2307/2549104 |jstor=2549104 }}
64. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lawsociety.ie/Global/About%20Us/Charters.pdf#page=5|page=5|title=Charters|publisher=Law Society of Ireland|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
65. ^1 {{cite journal |journal=The Law Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHIvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA441|date=13 March 1915|volume=138 |number=3754|page=441|title=Irish Notes}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|last=Hughes|first=James L. J.|title=Patentee Officers in Ireland, 1173–1826: Including High Sheriffs, 1661–1684 and 1761–1816|year=1960|publisher=Stationery Office for the Irish Manuscripts Commission}}

External links

  • [https://chancery.tcd.ie/search-persons?office=clk%20of%20hanaper Search by office "clk of hanaper"] CIRCLE (A Calendar of Irish Chancery Letters c. 1244–1509) Department of History, Trinity College Dublin

3 : Civil servants in Ireland (1801–1922)|Legal history of Ireland|Clerks
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