| 词条 | Climate change in Indonesia |
| 释义 |
Greenhouse gas emissions produced by Indonesia represent a significant fraction of the world total.Indonesia has been called the "most ignored emitter" that "could be the one that dooms the global climate."[1] It is "one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases" (GHG).[2] 2013 measurements show Indonesia's total GHG emissions were 2161 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent which totaled 4.47 percent of the global total. [3] In 2014, it was ranked eighth highest on the list of countries by greenhouse gas emissions. EmissionsGreenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia result from seasonal fires, deforestation, and the burning of peat. Depending on the severity of seasonal fires, Indonesia may range from the third to the sixth largest annual emitters.[1] 2015 firesIn 2015, Indonesia had severe fires that lasted for almost two months. Peat was the main fuel source. An El Niño had caused a particularly dry season that worsened the situation.[4] The fires released enough greenhouse gasses for Indonesia to produce more daily emissions than the United States for 38 days. Government policiesThe Indonesian government has voluntarily committed to a minimum 26 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and by 29 percent by 2030.{{Clarify|reason=numbers don't look right.|date=March 2019}} However, Indonesia has been ineffective in implementing policies to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. As of 2018, government policies were increasing emissions. These policies include the construction of 100 coal-fired power plants, the expansion of palm oil production, and the increase of biofuel consumption.[1] Indonesia developed climate policy related to land use and forestry emissions. A moratorium on clearing of primary forests and peat lands was extended from 2 to 4 years.[5] The Indonesian government is seeking to reduce poverty by 4 percent by 2025, but strong climate policies could make this impossible to achieve.International assistance could enable Indonesia to reduce its emissions by an estimated 41 percent by 2030.[2] Impact of climate changeGlobal climate change is expected to increase temperatures in Indonesia by 0.8 °C by 2030.[6] Changes in rainfall patterns are predicted to have an adverse impact on Indonesian agriculture, due to shorter rainy seasons.[6] Indonesia experienced crop losses and adverse impacts to fisheries as a result of climate change as early as 2007.[7] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/the-other-country-crucial-to-global-climate-goals-indonesia/|title=The Other Country Crucial to Global Climate Goals: Indonesia|last=Coca|first=Nithin|date=March 28, 2018|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} 2. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/indonesian-climate-change-policies-striking-a-balance-between-poverty-alleviation-and-emissions-reduction/|title=Indonesian Climate Change Policies: Striking a Balance between Poverty Alleviation and Emissions Reduction|last=Piesse|first=Mervyn|date=2018-09-18|website=Future Directions International|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/greenhouse-gas-emissions-factsheet-indonesia|title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factsheet: Indonesia {{!}} Global Climate Change|website=www.climatelinks.org|access-date=2019-02-28}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/10/30/9645448/indonesia-fires-peat-palm-oil|title=How Indonesia's fires became one of the world's biggest climate disasters|last=Plumer|first=Brad|date=Oct 30, 2015|website=Vox|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/forests-and-landscapes-indonesia/climate-change-indonesia|title=Climate Change - Indonesia|last=|first=|date=|website=World Resources Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} 6. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/impact-global-climate-change-indonesian-economy|title=The impact of global climate change on the Indonesian economy|last=Oktaviani|first=Rina|display-authors=et al|date=2011|website=IFPRI, International Food Policy Research Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/climate-change-in-Indonesia.html|title=Climate Change in Indonesia|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Global Greenhouse Warming|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} Further reading
2 : Environment of Indonesia|Climate change |
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