“Connie Williams (Trinidadian)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Connie Williams was born in Trinidad. She was a restaurateur, culture-bearer, and community organizer.^[1] She opened the Calypso Restaurant in Greenwich Village, New York City, in 1943.^[2] The restaurant, first located at 146 MacDougal Street, served West Indian cuisine in an ambiance of music from Trinidad. Among the early integrated establishments in the Village,^[3] It sponsored costume balls and galas throughout the 1940s and early 50s, often at Irving Plaza, off Union Square.^[4] it served as a Bohemian gathering place^[5]^[6] where intellectuals and artists could hear West Indian music and eat West Indian food.

Williams was a mentor for the young James Baldwin.^[7], who worked for Williams when he was 19 years of age, after moving from Harlem to Greenwich village when his stepfather passed away.^[8] In the early 1960s,after relocating to the West Coast, she opened Connie's Restaurant in the Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco. She later moved her restaurant to the Fillmore District, San Francisco, after the Hippie movement in the Haight-Ashbury her clientele diminished.

Biography

Little is known about Williams's early years in Trinidad. A devotee of calypso, she published a booklet in 1959 entitled "12 Songs from Trinidad" which included two songs about the British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39 oilfield strike in Trinidad: 'King Flecky' and another based on the World War I calypso 'Run Your Run Kaiser William ^[9]

In 1943 the Calypso Restaurant opened and James Baldwin was hired as a busser and dish washer. Early in Baldwin's career at the Calypso he met artists, writers, and activists such as Beauford Delaney (the modernist painter who introduced James Baldwin to Connie Williams in 1943), Marlon Brando (then an acting student), and labor organizerStan Weir. With the encouragement and support of Williams and Delaney the young Baldwin developed as a writer and intellectual.^[8] Williams remained friends with Baldwin throughout his life, hosting a birthday party for him on May 20, 1963 at her San Francisco restaurant on Fillmore Street.^[1]^[10] Connie took the young James Baldwin 'under her wing'.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Other artists, performers, and intellectuals who frequented The Calypso included Henry Miller, C. L. R. James, Tennessee Williams, Eartha Kitt, Paul Robeson, Richard Wright (author), Grace Lee Boggs, and Paul Robeson. ^[7]^[6]^[15]

During and after the U.S. calypso boom which peaked during WWII, Williams promoted many prominent calypsonians and bandleaders in New York City—Gerald Clark, MacBeth the Great, Lord Invader, Wilmoth Houdini, The Duke of Iron, and others—whom she hired to play at holiday dances and carnival balls. These events also featured dancers such as Ismay Andrews and Pearl Primus.

In 1962 Connie founded Connie's West-Indian Restaurant in San Francisco's Haight Ashbury. The restaurant was a favorite for black intellectuals and, like her West VIllage restaurant, was frequented by James Baldwin when he came to San Francisco.^[16]

In 1969, Connie’s Restaurant relocated to 1909 Fillmore St in San Francisco after the Hippie "invasion" of Haight-Ashbury.^[17]

Connie was the founder of Carijama Oakland Carnival, a San Francisco Bay Area carnival begun in the 70s. She was also one of the founders of the Carnival West Coast Caribbean Association.^[2]^[19]^[20]^[21]

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.bigdrumnation.com/2015/03/09/connie-williams-restaurateur-social-worker-storyteller-and-author/|title=CONNIE WILLIAMS: Restaurateur, Social Worker, Storyteller, and Author|first=Big Drum|last=Nation|website=Bigdrumnation.com|accessdate=16 August 2018}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://calypsocraze.wordpress.com/disc-1/|title=Disc 1 | The "Extra-Illustrated" Calypso Craze|website=Calypsocraze.wordpress.com|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/caribnet/2005/11/07/awards.shtml|website=Caribbeannewsnow.com|title=caribnet/2005/11/07/awards|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bigdrumnation.org/calypso/ladybeginner.htm|title=BigDrumNation – Lady Beginner, First Lady of Grenada Calypso|website=Bigdrumnation.org|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=The Columbia Guide to African American History Since 1939|author1=Harris, R.L.|author2=Terborg-Penn, R.|date=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231138116|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y6yuwT54mA0C&pg=PA176#v=onepage|page=176|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
6. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.travel-studies.com/content/greenwich-village-walking-tour|title=Greenwich Village Walking Tour|website=Travel Studies|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
7. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://libcom.org/library/meetings-james-baldwin|website=Libcom.org|title=Meetings with James Baldwin|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
8. ^¹[https://www.literarymanhattan.org/place/james-baldwin/] {{dead link|date=August 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHFOemkETacC&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=king+flecky&source=bl&ots=yEdZZhavkT&sig=WyLD-Px8vB-A8NN-HlQ-Pz0d3zg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF4Kacw_7bAhXmj1QKHccfA4gQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=connie%20williams&f=false|website=Books.google.com|title=John Cowley, Carnival, Canboulay, and Calbyps|accessdate=2018-07-01}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3qg78B-8LkC&lpg=PA9&ots=jygJ74uM2h&dq=Connie+Williams+Connie's+restaurant+san+francisco+fillmore&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=Connie+Williams+Connie's+restaurant+san+francisco+fillmore&f=false|title=Singlejack Solidarity|first=Stan|last=Weir|date=25 February 2018|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|via=Google Books}}
11. ^{{cite book|title=James Baldwin’s Understanding of God: Overwhelming Desire and Joy|author=Young, J.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=9781137454348|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4oioBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT60#v=onepage|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
12. ^{{cite book|title=James Baldwin: A Biography|author=Leeming, D.|date=2015|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=9781628724691|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sld4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9#v=onepage|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
13. ^{{cite book|title=James Baldwin: America and Beyond|author1=Schwarz, B.|author2=Kaplan, C.|date=2011|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472027613|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fJZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33#v=onepage|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
14. ^{{cite book|title=New Essays on Go Tell It on the Mountain|author=Harris, T.|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521498265|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PkzdHD0pCv4C&pg=PA6#v=onepage|page=6|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
15. ^{{cite book|title=Living for Change: An Autobiography|author=Boggs, G.L.|date=1998|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=9781452903309|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qwyo2b26Yl0C&pg=PA138#v=onepage|page=138|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://ruthreichl.com/2016/06/if-youre-going-to-san-francisco.html/|website=Ruthreichl.com|title=If You’re Going to San Francisco…. : Ruth Reichl|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://hoodline.com/2017/07/summer-of-love-look-back-mayor-s-hippieland-trip-to-connie-s-restaurant|title=Summer Of Love Look Back: Mayor's Hippieland Trip To 'Connie's Restaurant'|website=Hoodline|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_Carnaval_on_the_Streets_of_San_Francisco|title=The Birth of Carnaval on the Streets of San Francisco|website=FoundSF|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://collection-politicalgraphics.org/detail.php?module=objects&type=browse&id=1&term=Cultural+Events&kv=31190&record=15&page=1|website=Collection-politicalgraphics.org|title=Center for the Study of Political Graphics|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.carnaval.com/carijama/|website=Carnaval.com|title=New Page 3|accessdate=2018-02-24}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.carnaval.com/sf07/whos-who.html|website=Carnaval.com|title=Who's Who In Carnaval San Francisco|accessdate=2018-02-24}}