| 词条 | Conscientious objection to abortion |
| 释义 |
Conscientious objection to abortion is the right of medical staff to refuse participation in abortion for personal belief. Because of conscientious objection in some countries, even if abortion is legal, it is difficult for women to find non-objecting gynaecologists and thus to access abortion.[1] By countryAmericasUnited States{{main|Conscience clause (medicine)}}EuropeConscientious objection is granted in 21 member states of the European Union plus Norway and Switzerland. It is not granted in Sweden, Finland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Iceland.[2] Croatia{{see also|Abortion in Croatia}}Doctors and other medical personnel have the right to conscientious objection. Rada Borić (Women's Network Croatia) has argued that it is given more prominence than the women's right to abortion, thus making it difficult.[3] On February 21, 2017 the Constitutional Court ordered the Parliament to enact new abortion law within two years, introducing educational and preventive measures to make abortion an exception and not a rule, and to regulate conscientious objection.[4] Hungary{{see also|Abortion in Hungary}}In 2013 the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women of the United Nations expressed concern about "the increasing resort to conscientious objection by health professionals in the absence of an adequate regulatory framework."[5] Ireland{{see also|Abortion in the Republic of Ireland}}Under section 22 of the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 medical practitioners, nurses and midwives have the right not to participate in abortions, except when there is a risk to life or health of the pregnant woman in emergency. They also have to make arrangements to enable the woman to get an abortion.[6] Italy{{see also|Abortion in Italy#Conscientious objection}}The law gives the option for health professionals to claim the right to refuse to perform abortion. If the health personnel demands to be conscientious objector, they have to declare it in advance (Art.9). However, conscientious objection may not be invoked by health professionals if the personal intervention is essential in order to save the life of a woman in imminent danger.[7] Italy keeps a record of the objecting doctors. According to data from the Ministry of Health, between 1997 and 2016 there was a 12.9% increase in the number of gynecologists who refuse to perform abortions on moral grounds, from 62.8% to 70.9%, the highest percentage ever recorded. As of 2016 the percentage is higher than the national average in Southern Italy (83.5%) and Sicily and Sardinia (77.7%), and lower in Central (70.1%) and Northern Italy (63.9%). The percentage is growing in all the macroregions except the North. As a result, voluntary abortion is performed only in 60% of the hospitals of the country. Also, non-objecting doctors suffers discrimination, and -in some provinces- needs to perform record-numbers of abortions, up to 15.8 per week in the province of Taranto (Apulia) or 12.2 in the province of Catania (Sicily).[8] A resolution by the Council of Europe has found several violations of the European Social Charter in the situation:
Poland{{see also|Abortion in Poland}}The Constitutional Tribunal "abolished a requirement that medical professionals who refuse to provide health services refer patients to an alternate medical provider".[11] Portugal{{see also|Abortion in Portugal}}Abortion was legalised in Portugal in 2007. The law allows conscientious objection[12] and many doctors refuse to perform abortion,[13] making it difficult for women to access it.[14] United Kingdom{{see also|Abortion in the United Kingdom}}In England and Wales and Scotland medical staff has the right to refuse to participate in abortion because of conscientious objection.[15] Section 4 of the Abortion Act 1967 (which does not extend in Northern Ireland, where abortion is prohibited under most circumstances) states: {{Quote|text= (1) Subject to subsection (2) of this section, no person shall be under any duty, whether by contract or by any statutory or other legal requirement, to participate in any treatment authorised by this Act to which he has a conscientious objection: Provided that in any legal proceedings the burden of proof of conscientious objection shall rest on the person claiming to rely on it. (2) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall affect any duty to participate in treatment which is necessary to save the life or to prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of a pregnant woman. (3) In any proceedings before a court in Scotland, a statement on oath by any person to the effect that he has a conscientious objection to participating in any treatment authorised by this Act shall be sufficient evidence for the purpose of discharging the burden of proof imposed upon him by subsection (1) of this section. }} See also{{Portal|Abortion}}
References1. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Tamma |first1=Paola |title=Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted|url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Even-where-abortion-is-legal-access-is-not-granted |accessdate=8 March 2019 |work=VoxEurop/EDJNet |date=24 May 2018}} 2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Heino |first1=A. |last2=Gissler |first2=M. |last3=Apter |first3=D. |last4=Fiala |first4=C. |title=Conscientious objection and induced abortion in Europe |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care |date=2013 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=231-3 |doi=10.3109/13625187.2013.819848 |pmid=23848269}} 3. ^{{cite news |language=it|last1=Jasić |first1=Mirna |title=Croazia: diritto all'aborto a rischio |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Croazia/Croazia-diritto-all-aborto-a-rischio-157967 |accessdate=8 March 2019|work=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa |date=22 December 2014}} 4. ^{{cite news |last1=Zvonimir |first1=Šarić |title=Croazia: come sarà la nuova legge sull’aborto? |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Croazia/Croazia-come-sara-la-nuova-legge-sull-aborto-186516 |accessdate=8 March 2019 |work=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa |date=7 March 2018 |language=Italian}} 5. ^{{cite report |author=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |authors= |date= 1 March 2013|title= Concluding Observations on the combined seventh and eighth periodic reports of Hungary adopted by the Committee at its fifty fourth session (11 February – 1 March 2013)|url= https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/cedaw.c.hun.co.7-8.pdf|publisher=United Nations |page= 8|access-date=4 March 2019}} 6. ^{{cite act |type= |index= 31|year= 2018|article= |article-type= |legislature= Oireachtas|title= Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018|trans-title= |page= |url=https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/act/2018/31/eng/enacted/a3118.pdf|language=}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/degrazia/courseworks/legge_194.pdf|title=Law 194|last=|first=|date=|publisher=Italian legislation|website=Columbia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-05-18}} 8. ^{{cite news |last1=Tamma |first1=Paola |title=Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted|url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Even-where-abortion-is-legal-access-is-not-granted |accessdate=8 March 2019 |work=VoxEurop/EDJNet |date=24 May 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=Resolution CM/ResChS(2016)3 |url=https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=0900001680687bdc |publisher=Council of Europe |accessdate=8 March 2019}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=European Social Charter (Revised) |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/090000168007cf93 |publisher=Council of Europe |accessdate=8 March 2019}} 11. ^{{cite report|date= December 2017|title= Women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights in Europe|url= https://rm.coe.int/women-s-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights-in-europe-issue-pape/168076dead|publisher=Council of Europe |page=23 |access-date= 4 March 2019}} 12. ^{{cite news |last1=Henrique |first1=Almeida |title=Portugal doctors stand by anti-abortion principles |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL15906281 |accessdate=8 March 2019 |work=Reuters |date=15 November 2007}} 13. ^{{cite news |title=In Portugal, abortion legal but many doctors refuse to perform them |url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/worldview/in-portugal-abortion-legal-but-many-doctors-refuse-to-perform-them/5a63e08f-7ea0-4a9b-a9a5-4eac4ad570cf|accessdate=8 March 2019 |work=WBEZ |date=18 July 2012}} 14. ^{{cite news |last1=Meghan |first1=Power |title=Worldview series examines abortion around the world |url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/wbez-news/worldview-series-examines-abortion-around-the-world/2eb92b2e-c03f-4595-a698-d6f055f894e2 |accessdate=8 March 2019 |work=WBEZ |date=16 August 2011}} 15. ^{{cite web |title=Conscientious objection |url=https://www.bpas.org/get-involved/advocacy/briefings/conscientious-objection/ |website=British Pregnancy Advisory Service |accessdate=8 March 2019}} External links
2 : Abortion law|Abortion by country |
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