| 词条 | Copulation (zoology) |
| 释义 |
In zoology, copulation is animal sexual behavior in which a male introduces sperm into the female's body, especially directly into her reproductive tract.[1][2] This is an aspect of mating. Many animals that live in water use external fertilization, whereas internal fertilization may have developed from a need to maintain gametes in a liquid medium in the Late Ordovician epoch. Internal fertilization with many vertebrates (such as reptiles, some fish, and most birds) occurs via cloacal copulation, known as cloacal kiss (see also hemipenis), while mammals copulate vaginally, and many basal vertebrates reproduce sexually with external fertilization.[3][4] In non-primate mammals (rodents, canines, felines, bovines, and equines), the anatomy of the reproductive organs and some circuits of the nervous system are specifically organized for heterosexual copulation.[5] On the other hand, human sexual intercourse stems from a change in biological factors that controls the copulation of mammals, and is mainly learned.[6] In spiders and insectsSpiders are often confused with insects, but they are not insects; instead, they are arachnids.[6][7] Spiders have separate male and female sexes. Before mating and copulation, the male spider spins a small web and ejaculates on to it. He then stores the sperm in reservoirs on his large pedipalps, from which he transfers sperm to the female's genitals. The females can store sperm indefinitely.[8]For primitive insects, the male deposits spermatozoa on the substrate, sometimes stored within a special structure; courtship involves inducing the female to take up the sperm package into her genital opening, but there is no actual copulation.[9][10] In groups that have reproduction similar to spiders, such as dragonflies, males extrude sperm into secondary copulatory structures removed from their genital opening, which are then used to inseminate the female. In dragonflies, it is a set of modified sternites on the second abdominal segment.[11] In advanced groups of insects, the male uses its aedeagus, a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen, to deposit sperm directly (though sometimes in a capsule called a spermatophore) into the female's reproductive tract.[12] In mammalsNon-primate mammalsSome scientific studies show that the general neuroanatomic organization of non-primate mammals is specifically designed for heterosexual copulation.[13] By simplifying, there are three major hardwired neurobiological circuits, controlled by hormones: A) The olfactory circuits (red arrows, diagram below), which underlie sexual arousal and sexual orientation; B) The circuits of sexual reflexes (lordosis, erection, ejaculation ... orange arrows), which allow copulation; C) The circuits of sexual rewards (reward system associated with penis / clitoris - blue arrows), which are involved in sexual learning (especially sexual motivation).[14] Particularly in the female, copulation is controlled by several innate neurobiological processes, including the motor sexual reflex of lordosis[16] (see diagram below). By simplifying, the female can not have any other sexual activity than lordosis. In the male, the realization of copulation is more complex, because some learning is necessary. Nevertheless, the innate processes (retrocontrol of penis intromission in the vagina, rhythmic movement of the pelvis, detection of female pheromones ...) are specific to copulation. These innate processes direct learning to heterosexual copulation.[23] Thus, through the coordination of hormones, pheromones and sexual reflexes, there is a true reproductive behavior in non-primate mammals. Evolution of copulation control in hominidsIn the case of mammals with a highly developed brain (chimpanzee, bonobo, Orangutans, and dolphins), the cerebral structure has evolved. As a result of these evolved differences, the human intercourse depends on another type of neurobiological control:[6]
Thus, the functional dynamics of the copulation behavior has been modified in hominids: the reproductive behavior becomes an erotic behavior.[30] Vaginal coitus is still practiced in humans, but it is no longer a reflex motor activity, guided by pheromones and controlled by hormones. It is rather an erotic activity, among others, carried out voluntarily to obtain cerebral reward (sexual pleasure [28]).[14] Further reading
References1. ^{{Cite book| author =Michael Kent|title = Advanced biology| isbn = 0199141959| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 |pages =250–253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aw4ZWLABQkC&pg=PA250|accessdate=2015-10-21}} {{Sex (biology)}}{{Animal sexual behavior}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lordosis Behavior}}2. ^{{cite web|title=Copulation|publisher=Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers, 2007/TheFreeDictionary.com for various dictionary definitions|accessdate=September 6, 2012|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/copulation}} 3. ^{{cite book| author =Cecie Starr| author2 =Christine Evers| author3 =Lisa Starr|title=Cengage Advantage Books: Biology: A Human Emphasis|publisher =Cengage Learning| year = 2010 | pages = 630–631| accessdate = December 9, 2010 |isbn =1133170056| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DdU8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA631}} 4. ^{{cite book| author =Edward J. Denecke Jr.|title=New York State Grade 8 Intermediate Level Science Test|publisher =Barron's Educational Series| year = 2006 | page = 105| accessdate = December 9, 2014 |isbn = 0764134337| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=dbF6g4geyfsC&pg=PA105}} 5. ^Knobil E., Neill J.D. (Eds). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1_1cDe92k_YC The physiology of reproduction]. Academic Press, 3nd edition, 2005 6. ^{{cite book|author=Donna M. Jackson|title=The Bug Scientists|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0618432329|page=13|year=2004|accessdate=March 7, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcJBwYcm2jAC&pg=PA13}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Fred F. Ferri|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=0323448380|page=178|accessdate=March 7, 2017|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178}} 8. ^{{cite book | author=Ruppert, E.E. | author2=Fox, R.S. | author3=Barnes, R.D. | last-author-amp=yes | title=Invertebrate Zoology | publisher=Brooks/Cole| edition=7th|isbn=0-03-025982-7| year=2004|pages=571–584 | chapter=Chelicerata: Araneae}} 9. ^{{cite book| author =M. Yadav|title=Breeding in Insects|publisher =Discovery Publishing House| year = 2003 | page = 59| accessdate = December 9, 2014 |isbn = 817141737X| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC5obBYtusEC&pg=PA59}} 10. ^{{cite book| author =Franz Engelmann|title=The Physiology of Insect Reproduction: International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biology: Zoology|publisher =Elsevier| year = 2013 | pages = 58–59| accessdate = December 9, 2014 |isbn = 1483186539| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=4bXYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58}} 11. ^{{cite book| author =Janet Leonard| author2 =Alex Cordoba-Aguilar|title=The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals|publisher =Oxford University Press| year = 2010 | page =334| accessdate = December 9, 2014 |isbn = 0199717036| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=PgtXj5R6OfMC&pg=PA334}} 12. ^{{cite book| author =P. J. Gullan| author2 =P. S. Cranston|title=The Insects: An Outline of Entomology|publisher =John Wiley & Sons| year = 2009| page = 124| accessdate = December 9, 2014 |isbn = 1405144572| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-pGOLUgcC&pg=PA124}} 13. ^1 Agmo A. Functional and dysfunctional sexual behavior. 14. ^1 2 3 4 {{fr}} Wunsch S. (2014) To understand the origins of human sexuality. Neurosciences, ethology, anthropology. Comprendre les origines de la sexualité humaine. Neurosciences, éthologie, anthropologie. L'Esprit du Temps. 15. ^Lin H.H., Cao D.S., Sethi S., Zeng Z., Chin J.S., Chakraborty T.S., Shepherd A.K., Nguyen C.A., Yew J.Y., Su C.Y., Wang J.W. Hormonal modulation of pheromone detection enhances male courtship success. Neuron, 90(6):1272-1285, 2016 16. ^1 2 3 PFAFF Donald W. , SCHWARTZ-GIBLIN Susan, MACCARTHY Margareth M. , KOW Lee-Ming : Cellular and molecular mechanisms of female reproductive behaviors, in KNOBIL Ernest, NEILL Jimmy D. : The physiology of reproduction, Raven Press, 2nd edition, 1994 17. ^Hoffman E., Pickavance L., Thippeswamy T., Beynon R.J., Hurst J.L. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413791/ The male sex pheromone darcin stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis and cell proliferation in the subventricular zone in female mice]. Front Behav. Neurosci., 9:106, 2015. 18. ^Haga S., Hattori T., Sato T., Sato K., Matsuda S., Kobayakawa R., Sakano H., Yoshihara Y., Kikusui T., Touhara K. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Koji_Sato4/publication/44902518_The_male_mouse_pheromone_ESP1_enhances_female_sexual_receptive_behaviour_through_a_specific_vomeronasal_receptor/links/542a53a70cf29bbc12678065.pdf The male mouse pheromone ESP1 enhances female sexual receptive behaviour through a specific vomeronasal receptor]. Nature, 466(7302):118-122, 2010 19. ^Pavlicev M., Wagner G. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mihaela_Pavlicev/publication/305787184_The_Evolutionary_Origin_of_Female_Orgasm/links/57ab0a5d08ae7a6420bf3586/The-Evolutionary-Origin-of-Female-Orgasm.pdf The evolutionary origin of female orgasm]. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol., 2016 20. ^Cibrian-Llanderal T., Tecamachaltzi-Silvaran M., Triana-Del R.R., Pfaus J.G., Manzo J., Coria-Avila G.A. Clitoral stimulation modulates appetitive sexual behavior and facilitates reproduction in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 100(2):148-153, 2010 21. ^Roberts S.A., Simpson D.M., Armstrong S.D., Davidson A.J., Robertson D.H., McLean L., Beynon R.J., Hurst J.L. [https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-8-75 Darcin: a male pheromone that stimulates female memory and sexual attraction to an individual male's odour]. BMC. Biol., 8(1):75, 2010 22. ^Kow L.M., Florea C., Schwanzel-Fukuda M., Devidze N., Kami K.H., Lee A., Zhou J., Maclaughlin D., Donahoe P., Pfaff D. Development of a sexually differentiated behavior [lordosis] and its underlying CNS arousal functions. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol., 79:37-59, 2007 23. ^MEISEL Robert L. , SACHS Benjamin D. : The physiology of male sexual behavior. in KNOBIL Ernest, NEILL Jimmy D. The physiology of reproduction, Raven Press, 2nd edition, 1994 24. ^Nei M., Niimura Y., Nozawa M. (2008) The evolution of animal chemosensory receptor gene repertoires: roles of chance and necessity. Nat. Rev. Genet., 9(12):951-963. 25. ^Zhang J., Webb D.M. Evolutionary deterioration of the vomeronasal pheromone transduction pathway in catarrhine primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(14):8337-8341, 2003. 26. ^1 Dixson A.F. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9N_BokMAMkC Primate sexuality: Comparative studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Human Beings]. Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 2012. 27. ^Furuichi T. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Takeshi_Furuichi/publication/51753368_Female_contributions_to_the_peaceful_nature_of_Bonobo_society/links/0f31752e76c8c577c6000000/Female-contributions-to-the-peaceful-nature-of-Bonobo-society.pdf Female contributions to the peaceful nature of bonobo society]. Evolutionary Anthropology, 20(4):131-142, 2011. 28. ^1 Georgiadis J.R., Kringelbach M.L., Pfaus J.G. (2012) Sex for fun: a synthesis of human and animal neurobiology. Nat. Rev. Urol., 9(9):486-498. 29. ^Gazzaniga M.S., Ivry R.B., Mangun G.R. Cognitive neuroscience. The biology of the mind. W.W. Norton & Company, 2e edition, 2002. 30. ^1 2 Wunsch S. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312407857_Phylogenesis_of_mammal_sexuality_Analysis_of_the_evolution_of_proximal_factors Phylogenesis of mammal sexuality. Analysis of the evolution of proximal factors]. Sexologies 26(1):e1-e10, 2017 5 : Animal sexuality|Ethology|Mammalian sexuality|Physiology|Sex positions |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。