| 词条 | Wovoka |
| 释义 |
| name = Wovoka | image = Wovoka Paiute Shaman.jpg | image_size = | caption = Wovoka – Paiute spiritual leader and creator of the Ghost Dance | tribe = Northern Paiute | lead = | birth_date = c. 1856 | birth_place = Smith Valley, Nevada | death_date = September 29, 1932[1] | death_place = Yerington, Nevada | predecessor = | successor = | native_name = | nicknames = Jack Wilson | known_for = Spiritual leader and creator of the Ghost Dance | death_cause = | resting_place = Schurz, Nevada | rp_coordinates = | religion = | party = | education = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relations = | signature = | footnotes = }} Wovoka (c. 1856 - September 20, 1932),[2] also known as Jack Wilson, was the Paiute religious leader who founded a second episode of the Ghost Dance movement. Wovoka means "cutter"[3] or "wood cutter" in the Northern Paiute language. BiographyWovoka was born in the Smith Valley area southeast of Carson City, Nevada, around 1856. Quoitze Ow was his birth name.[4] Wovoka's father was Numu-tibo'o (sometimes called Tavibo), who for several decades was incorrectly believed to be Wodziwob, a religious leader who had founded the Ghost Dance of 1870.[5] From the age of eight until almost thirty Wovoka often worked for David Wilson, a rancher in the Yerington, Nevada area, and his wife Abigail, who gave him the name Jack Wilson when dealing with European Americans.[6] David Wilson was a devout Christian, and Wovoka learned Christian theology and Bible stories while living with him.[7] One of his chief sources of authority among Paiutes was his alleged ability to control the weather. He was said to have caused a block of ice to fall out of the sky on a summer day, to be able to end drought with rain or snow, to light his pipe with the sun, and to form icicles in his hands.[8] Wovoka claimed to have had a prophetic vision during the solar eclipse of January 1, 1889. Wovoka's vision entailed the resurrection of the Paiute dead, and the removal of whites and their works from North America. Wovoka taught that in order to bring this vision to pass, the Native Americans must live righteously and perform a traditional round dance, known as the Ghost Dance. Anthropologists, historians, and theologians alike provide conflicting accounts on when and how Wovoka had his vision. One scholar of religions, Tom Thatcher, cites James Mooney's Smithsonian-sponsored anthropological report to claim that Wovoka received his first vision while chopping wood for David Wilson in 1887.[9] Conversely, historian Paul Bailey utilized Mooney's work along interviews with Wovoka's contemporaries and interpreters to assert that he received the vision after entering a two-day trance, awaking in tears.[10] Regardless, shortly after receiving the vision and its message, it moved quickly beyond his local Paiute community by word of mouth to Native American tribes further east, notably the Lakota. The Ghost Dance movement is known for being practiced by the victims of the Wounded Knee Massacre. Before the Ghost dance reached Native Americans on South Dakota plains reservations, interest in the movement came from U.S. Indian Office, U.S. War Department, and multiple Native American tribal delegations. Many tribes would arrive in Mason to listen to Wovoka intently, but language barriers existed. Visiting tribes came from different cultures, geographies, and linguistic traditions. Few delegation members could speak Wovoka's mother tongue of Paiute. This led to tribes adopting a militant form of Wovoka's teachings that emphasized an impending battle leading to the creation of the Ghost Shirts worn by Sioux and Lakota at the subsequent massacre.[11] Other Native American Leaders, such as Miniconjou, Short Bull and Kicking Bear allegedly adopted violent interpretations that emphasized the possible elimination of whites. However, Wovoka never left his home in Nevada to become an active participant in the dance's dissemination in the U.S. interior.[12] Indian Agents, soldiers, and other federal officials were predisposed towards a militaristic posture and outright violence upon encountering the movement. Post-Wounded Knee Life and DeathWovoka was disheartened by how events unfolded at the massacre. He still remained a prominent Native American leader until his death.[11] Sometime between 1894-1896, he was reported to have been a sideshow attraction at a San Francisco Midwinter Fair Carnival. In 1917, an agent for the Nevada Agency named L.A. Dorrington tracked down Wovoka to report on his whereabouts to Washington. Curious to see if the former Native American messiah had any ties to Native American Peyotism, Dorrington found that Wovoka was instead living a humble life in Mason. He abstained from the practice, worked as an occasional medicine man, and traveled to events on reservations across the United States.[13] Wovoka died in Yerington on September 20, 1932, and is interred in the Paiute Cemetery in the town of Schurz, Nevada.[14] In popular cultureNative American band Redbone named their 1973 album Wovoka, and the title song, after the prophet. In the 1971 film "Billy Jack", Billy, played by Tom Laughlin, teaches the Ghost Dance to indians and students of the Montessori Freedom School. In the moments leading up to this session, Billy's girlfriend Jean [played by Laughlin's wife, Delores Taylor], explains Wovoka and the Ghost Dance to an abused teenage girl hiding in sanctuary at the school from her abusive father. Jean says that once, even Christ appeared to Wovoka. The Dead Inklings, an American indie rock band, has written a song about Wovoka and the ghost dance entitled “Them Bones”. See also
Notes1. ^go.grolier.com 2. ^{{cite book|author=Clifford E. Trafzer|title=American Indian prophets: religious leaders and revitalization movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVNwAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 July 2013|date=April 1986|publisher=Sierra Oaks Pub. Co.|page=108|quote=Wovoka, the great Ghost Dance Prophet, died on September 20, 1932 and was buried in the heart of the Paiute country. Joseph McDonald of the Reno ... his body was taken to the Paiute cemetery at Shurtz. As family and friends shoveled dirt ...}} 3. ^{{cite book |title= The ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890|last=Mooney |first=James |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1896 |publisher=G.P.O. |location= |isbn= |page=765 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}} 4. ^Hittman,"Wovoka And The Ghost Dance:Expanded Edition" (Lincoln, Nebraska:University of Nebraska:Press 1997) 47 5. ^Du Bois, Cora "The 1870 Ghost Dance" Anthropological Records Vol. 3, No. 1 (1939) (Berkeley, California; University of California Press) 3-4 6. ^Hittman, Michael Wovoka And The Ghost Dance: Expanded Edition (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press 1997) 27-28 7. ^Hittman, Wovoka 55-56 8. ^{{cite book |title= Wovoka and the ghost dance|last=Hittman |first=Michael |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1990 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location= |isbn=978-0-8032-7308-5|page=69}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Thatcher|first=Tom|date=Autumn 1998|title=Empty Metaphors and Apocalyptic Rhetoric|jstor=1466133|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=66|pages=549–570}} 10. ^{{Cite book|title=Wovoka: The Indian Messiah|last=Bailey|first=Paul|publisher=Westernlore Press|year=1957|isbn=9781258823382|location=Los Angeles|pages=79–83}} 11. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=McCann Jr.|first=Frank D.|year=1966|title=The Ghost Dance, Last hope of Western Tribes, Unleashed the Final Tragedy|jstor=4517018|journal=Montana: The Magazine of Western History|volume=16|pages=25–34}} 12. ^{{Cite book|title=Wovoka: The Indian Messiah|last=Bailey|first=Paul|publisher=Westernlore Press|year=1957|isbn=9781258823382|location=Los Angeles|pages=171}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Omer C.|year=1977|title=Contemporary Document on Wovoka (Jack Wilson_ Prophet of the Ghost Dance in 1890|jstor=481696|journal=Ethnohistory|volume=24|pages=219–222}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-wovoka.html |title= Wovoka - Paiute Medicine Man & the Ghost Dance|author= |date= |work= |publisher=Legends of America |accessdate=2010-04-15}} Further reading
External links
7 : 1850s births|1932 deaths|19th-century apocalypticists|20th-century apocalypticists|Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North America|Ghost Dance movement|Paiute people |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。