| 词条 | Wright Patman |
| 释义 |
|image name = John William Wright Patman.jpg |birth_name = John William Wright Patman |birth_date = {{birth date|1893|08|06}} |birth_place = Hughes Springs, Texas |death_date = {{death date and age|1976|03|07|1893|08|06}} |death_place = Bethesda, Maryland |order= 40th |office = Dean of the United States House of Representatives |term_start= January 3, 1973 |term_end= March 7, 1976 |predecessor= Emanuel Celler |successor= George H. Mahon |state2 = Texas |district2 = 1st |term_start2 = March 4, 1929 |term_end2= March 7, 1976 |preceded2 = Eugene Black |succeeded2 = Sam B. Hall |office3 = Member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 1st district |term3 = January 11, 1921 – January 13, 1925 |predecessor3 = J. D. Newton |successor3 = George W. Coody |party = Democrat |spouse = Merle Connor Pauline Tucker[1] }}John William Wright Patman (August 6, 1893 – March 7, 1976) was a U.S. Congressman from Texas in Texas's 1st congressional district and chair of the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency (1963–75). Patman was a fiscal watchdog who acted to protect American wage earners by identifying and preventing the excesses and unfair practices of the banks and the Federal Reserve. He sponsored the Robinson-Patman Act of 1935, which was designed to protect small retail shops against competition from chain stores by fixing a minimum price for retail products.[2] Early lifePatman was the son of John N. and Emma (Spurlin) Patman, was born near Hughes Springs in Cass County, Texas, on August 6, 1893. After graduating from Hughes Springs High School in 1912, he enrolled in Cumberland University Law School in Lebanon, Tennessee. Receiving his law degree in 1916 he was admitted to the Texas bar the same year.[3] During World War I Patman enlisted in the United States Army as a private. He later received a commission as a first lieutenant and machine gun officer in the Texas Army National Guard's 144th Infantry Regiment, a unit of the 36th Division. He remained in the National Guard for several years after the war.[4] Political careerPatman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920. He left the House in 1924 when he was appointed district attorney of the fifth judicial district of Texas. Early Congressional careerIn 1928, Patman was elected to the House of Representatives in Texas's 1st congressional district. In 1932, Patman introduced a bill that would have mandated the immediate payment of the bonus to World War I veterans.[5] It was during the consideration of this bill that the Bonus Army came to Washington. Patman was a supporter of the New Deal.[6] In January 1932, Patman spearheaded a movement to impeach Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon,[7] which forced the latter's resignation the following month.[8] Patman in the House and Joseph Taylor Robinson in the United States Senate were the sponsors of the 1936 Robinson-Patman Act, an effort to preserve independent wholesalers and retail outlets ("Mom and Pop stores") by preventing manufacturers or large retailers from becoming involved in wholesaling.[9] Patman was one of four members of the Texas congressional delegation to originally sign the "Southern Manifesto," (Martin Dies Jr. signed subsequently) a resolution in protest of the United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.[10] Watergate inquiry{{Main|Watergate scandal}}Wright Patman's eponymous committee played an important role in the early days of the Watergate scandal that eventually brought down President Richard Nixon. The Patman Committee investigated the hundred dollar bills found on the Watergate "plumbers" upon their arrest, suspecting they could directly link them to CREEP, the president's re-election committee. The Patman Committee's 1972 investigation was stymied by pressure from the White House, in part aided by Congressman Gerald R. Ford.[11] Despite these efforts to stop Patman, his investigative course ultimately proved to be Nixon's undoing in the sense that the money trail, as reported on in the Washington Post, helped lead to the establishment of the Ervin Senate Select Committee on Watergate in April 1973. Loss of chairmanshipIn 1975, Patman was voted out of his position as Chairman of the Banking committee by younger Congressmen, in a revolt against the 'Seniority system' which also removed Felix Edward Hébert and William R. Poage from their positions as chairmen.[12] Patman was replaced by Henry S. Reuss by a caucus vote of 152–117. The main reason given for the caucus removing Patman was concern about his age and effectiveness.[13][14] Death and burialPatman died of pneumonia in Bethesda, Maryland on March 7, 1976.[15] He was buried at Hillcrest Cemetery in Texarkana.[16] LegacyIn the U.S. House of Representatives in Washington, the Wright Patman Congressional Federal Credit Union is named after him. This credit union serves the banking needs of elected and former members of the House and their staff.[17] In addition, Wright Patman Lake and Wright Patman Dam in Northeast Texas are also named for him.[18] In 2011 Rick Perry condemned the monetary policies of Ben Bernanke in populist-like language, earning him criticism from some mainstream Republicans, including Karl Rove. One observer, Alexander Cockburn, recalled that it used to be Texas Democrats like Patman who were regarded as the populists. According to Cockburn, Patman, sitting as chair of the House Banking Committee in the early 1970s, "snarl[ed] at then Fed chairman Arthur Burns, before him to give testimony, 'Can you give me any reason why you should not be in the penitentiary?'"[19] Publications
See also
Notes1. ^"Today in Texas History: Wright Patman dies" Houston Chronicle, March 7, 2010. Retrieved 2014-09-25. 2. ^Roger D. Blair, and Christina DePasquale. "Antitrust's Least Glorious Hour": The Robinson-Patman Act." Journal of Law and Economics 57.S3 (2014): S201-S216. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/675783 in JSTOR] 3. ^Handbook of Texas Online - PATMAN, JOHN WILLIAM WRIGHT 4. ^Victoria (Texas) Advocate, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19210529&id=wNRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AFMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6793,2940389 Guard Regiments are Being Formed], May 29, 1921 5. ^{{cite web|title=World War I Veterans Bonus Bill|url=http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/36176|publisher=United States House of Representatives}} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Earl |last2=Black |first2=Merle |date=2002 |title=The Rise of Southern Republicans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQeYu-GxlKwC&pg=PA196&dq=%22wright+patman%22+%22new+deal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CgMMVdawMseZgwSa0AI&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=%22wright%20patman%22%20%22new%20deal%22&f=false |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=196 |isbn=978-0-674-01248-6}} 7. ^{{Citation |last= |first= |date=January 25, 1932 |title=National Affairs: Texan, Texan & Texan |newspaper=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,742975,00.html }} 8. ^{{cite news |first=(AP) |last=Associated Press |title=Patman Charges Against Mellon Are Voted Down |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |page=1 |date=February 10, 1932 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19320210&id=odJYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2PQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5681,2060463&safe=on&hl=en }} 9. ^{{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |date=1979 |title=Regulatory Change in an Atmosphere of Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KS3gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&dq=%22wright+patman%22+%22robinson%3Dpatman+act%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_gMMVZHXEsyegwT7-oOQBA&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22wright%20patman%22%20%22robinson%3Dpatman%20act%22&f=false |location=New York, NY |publisher=Academic Press, Inc. |pages=65–66 |isbn=978-0-12-733950-4}} 10. ^{{cite web|publisher=WNET|title=Southern Manifesto on Integration (March 12, 1956)|accessdate=May 17, 2018|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/sources_document2.html}} 11. ^{{Citation |last=Hersh |first=Seymour |authorlink=Seymour Hersh |date=August 1983 |title=The Pardon |newspaper=The Atlantic Monthly |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198308/hersh-ford }} 12. ^{{cite book |last1= Cox |first1= Gary W. |last2= McCubbins |first2=Mathew D. |date=2007 |title=Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gc1LkxwQtPIC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=%22wright+patman%22+removed+chairman+committee&source=bl&ots=IBlQnKzhvj&sig=9B7nZUUWLKIZcuq6a6_NRR5JM5M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9gUMVefwF4WgNqP4gwg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22wright%20patman%22%20removed%20chairman%20committee&f=false |location=New York, NY |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=261 |isbn=978-0-521-69409-4}} 13. ^Alexander Cockburn, James Ridgeway, The Village Voice, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8OBLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qosDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5813,2141525&dq=wright+patman+replaced+chairman&hl=en Why They Sacked the Bane of the Banks], February 3, 1975 14. ^Beverly Deepe, Enterprise Washington Service, Harlan Daily Enterprise, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KnhBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bKkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5692,935320&dq=wright+patman+ineffective&hl=en Demos Reluctant to Reveal Committee Chairmen Votes], January 21, 1975 15. ^{{cite news |first=(UPI) |last=United Press International |title=Veteran Demo Lawmaker Wright Patman Dies |work=Beaver County (Pa.) Times |page=A-2 |date=March 8, 1976 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2002&dat=19760308&id=810vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a9sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1291,1383700&safe=on&hl=en}} 16. ^{{cite book |last=Guttery |first=Ben R. |date=2008 |title=Representing Texas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-14gbMQftG0C&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=%22wright+patman%22+%22hillcrest+cemetery%22&source=bl&ots=noga2SY1ha&sig=SglzGAXKQOd-LCvMvQDcY0frxLI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ewwMVdKLEoqyggT6vICADA&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22wright%20patman%22%20%22hillcrest%20cemetery%22&f=false |location=Charleston, South Carolina |publisher=BookSurge Publishing |page=118 |isbn=978-1-4196-7884-4}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.usacreditunions.com/wright-patman-congressional-federal-credit-union-8797 |title=Wright Patman Congressional Federal Credit Union |website=www.usacreditunions.com/ |publisher=USA Credit Unions.com |access-date=March 20, 2015}} 18. ^{{cite book |last1= Wauer |first1=Roland H. |last2= Elwonger |first2=Mark |date=1998 |title=Birding Texas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xplYO_vtakC&pg=PA246&dq=%22wright+patman+lake%22+%22Dam%22+%22congressman%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QgkMVeCbBoSkNp64hKAL&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22wright%20patman%20lake%22%20%22Dam%22%20%22congressman%22&f=false |location=Guilford, CT |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |page=246 |isbn=978-1-56044-617-0}} 19. ^Cockburn, Alexander, "Rick Perry: One Lucky Son-of-a-B*", CounterPunch, August 19–21, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-20. Further reading
External links{{CongBio|P000103}}
| state=Texas | district=1 | before=Eugene Black | after=Sam B. Hall | years=1929–1976 }}{{s-par|us-tx-hs}}{{TXHouseSuccession box | district = 2 | hometown = Linden | before = J. D. Newton | after = George W. Coody | years = January 11, 1921 – January 13, 1925 }}{{s-hon}}{{s-bef|before=Emanuel Celler}}{{s-ttl|title=Dean of the House | years=1973–1976}}{{s-aft|after=George H. Mahon}}{{s-end}}{{US House Financial Services chairs}}{{US House Small Business chairs}}{{US House Deans}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Patman, Wright}} 15 : 1893 births|1976 deaths|Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas|Members of the Texas House of Representatives|Cumberland School of Law alumni|People from Hughes Springs, Texas|Texas Democrats|Texas lawyers|Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives|Deaths from pneumonia|Infectious disease deaths in Maryland|Watergate scandal investigators|Military personnel from Texas|United States Army soldiers|Texas National Guard personnel |
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