“Crocetane”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Crocetane, or 2,6,11,15-tetramethylhexadecane, is an isoprenoid hydrocarbon compound. Unlike its isomer phytane, crocetane has a tail-to-tail linked isoprenoid skeleton. Crocetane has been detected in modern sediments and geological records as a biomarker, often associated with anaerobic methane oxidation.

Research

Crocetane was first studied^[2] in the late 1920s and early 1930s for the structural identification of crocetin, which is its polyunsaturated diacid analogue. The infrared spectrum was reported in 1950,^[3] the mass spectrum was described in 1968^[4] and the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra was obtained in 1990s.^[2]

In 1994, Liangqiao Bian^[5] first reported strong ¹³C depletion in crocetane from anoxic sediments in the Kattegat. Such low ¹³C content is thought to originate from microbes harvesting biogenic methane, which is always ¹³C depleted,^[6] as a carbon source. Years later several groups^[8]^[7]^[8] made similar observations in either modern or ancient sediments near methane seeps. Crocetane was found in environments with anaerobic methane oxidizing consortium, composed of methanotrophic archea and sulfate-reducing bacteria. These work makes crocetane the first biomarker^[9] of anaerobic methanotrophy.

In 2009, Erchin Maslen and his colleagues detected crocetane in highly-mature Devonian sediments and crude oils of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.^[10] They propose that natural product precursor for this crocetane is green sulfur bacteria derived isorenieratene and palaerernieratene, which means that crocetane can also be related to photic zone euxinia in highly matured samples.

Analysis

Due to structural similarities, crocetane often co-elutes with phytane and is hard to identify.^[11] People have been using specialized gas chromatographic methods to achieve partial separation. For example, Volker Thiel and his colleagues used a 25-m squalene capillary column with hydrogen as a carrier gas.^[12]

For the same reason mass spectra of crocetane and phytane are very similar except for that crocetane does not have intense m/z=183 fragments.^[11] To identify crocetane, the mass spectrometer can be operated in selection ion monitoring(SIM) mode to monitor m/z 113, 169, 183, 197 and 282.^[10] Paul Greenwood and Roger Summons in 2003 reported using GC MS-MS instrument to measure the daughter ion of m/z 196→127/126 and 168→126 to distinguish crocetane from phytane.^[13]

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Hexadecane, 2,6,11,15-tetramethyl-|url=http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi?ID=C504449&Mask=200|website=webbook.nist.gov}}
2. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Robson|first=J. N.|last2=Rowland|first2=S. J.|date=1993-09-01|title=Synthesis, chromatographic and spectral characterisation of 2,6,11,15-tetramethylhexadecane (crocetane) and 2,6,9,13-tetramethyltetradecane: reference acyclic isoprenoids for geochemical studies|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014663809390117T|journal=Organic Geochemistry|volume=20|issue=7|pages=1093–1098|doi=10.1016/0146-6380(93)90117-T}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Pliva|first=Josef|last2=Sorensen|first2=Andreas|year=1950|title=Studies Related to Pristane: IV. InfraRed Spectra|url=http://actachemscand.org/pdf/acta_vol_04_p0846-0849.pdf|journal=Acta Chemica Scandinavica |volume=4|pages=846–849|doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.04-0846}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=McCarthy|first=E. D.|last2=Han|first2=Jerry|last3=Calvin|first3=Melvin|date=1968-08-01|title=Hydrogen atom transfer in mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=40|issue=10|pages=1475–1480|doi=10.1021/ac60266a021|issn=0003-2700}}
5. ^{{Cite thesis|last=Bian|first=Liangqiao|year=1994|title=Isotopic biogeochemistry of individual compounds in a modern coastal marine sediment (Kattegat, Denmark and Sweden) |type=M.Sc. thesis |publisher=Dept. of Geological Sciences, Univ. Indiana }}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Whiticar|first=Michael J.|date=1999-09-30|title=Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254199000923|journal=Chemical Geology|volume=161|issue=1–3|pages=291–314|doi=10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00092-3}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hinrichs|first=Kai-Uwe|last2=Summons|first2=Roger E|last3=Orphan|first3=Victoria|last4=Sylva|first4=Sean P|last5=Hayes|first5=John M|date=2000-12-01|title=Molecular and isotopic analysis of anaerobic methane-oxidizing communities in marine sediments|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638000001066|journal=Organic Geochemistry|volume=31|issue=12|pages=1685–1701|doi=10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00106-6}}
8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Elvert|first=Marcus|last2=Suess|first2=Erwin|last3=Whiticar|first3=Michael J.|title=Anaerobic methane oxidation associated with marine gas hydrates: superlight C-isotopes from saturated and unsaturated C20 and C25 irregular isoprenoids|journal=Naturwissenschaften|language=en|volume=86|issue=6|pages=295–300|doi=10.1007/s001140050619|issn=0028-1042|year=1999}}
9. ^{{Cite book|title=Ocean Margin Systems|last=Hinrichs|first=K.-U.|last2=Boetius|first2=A.|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=9783642078729|editor-last=Wefer|editor-first=Professor Dr Gerold|pages=457–477|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-05127-6_28|editor-last2=Billett|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Hebbeln|editor-first3=Dierk|editor-last4=Jørgensen|editor-first4=Bo Barker|editor-last5=Schlüter|editor-first5=Michael|editor-last6=van Weering|editor-first6=Tjeerd C. E. }}
10. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Maslen|first=Ercin|last2=Grice|first2=Kliti|last3=Gale|first3=Julian D.|last4=Hallmann|first4=Christian|last5=Horsfield|first5=Brian|date=2009-01-01|title=Crocetane: A potential marker of photic zone euxinia in thermally mature sediments and crude oils of Devonian age|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014663800800315X|journal=Organic Geochemistry|volume=40|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.10.005}}
11. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=K. E.|last2=Walters|first2=C. C.|last3=Moldowan|first3=J. M.|title=The Biomarker Guide, Volume 2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521781589|pages=509–510|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wKkxO3QV4kAC&pg=PP1&dq=the+biomarker+guide#v=onepage&q=the%20biomarker%20guide&f=false|language=en|year=2005}}
12. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Thiel|first=Volker|last2=Peckmann|first2=Jörn|last3=Seifert|first3=Richard|last4=Wehrung|first4=Patrick|last5=Reitner|first5=Joachim|last6=Michaelis|first6=Walter|date=1999-12-01|title=Highly isotopically depleted isoprenoids: molecular markers for ancient methane venting|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703799001775|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume=63|issue=23–24|pages=3959–3966|doi=10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00177-5}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Greenwood|first=Paul F.|last2=Summons|first2=Roger E.|date=2003-08-01|title=GC–MS detection and significance of crocetane and pentamethylicosane in sediments and crude oils|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638003000627|journal=Organic Geochemistry|volume=34|issue=8|pages=1211–1222|doi=10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00062-7}}