“Wurundjeri”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Wurundjeri

释义

History
Coranderrk Wurundjeri today
Wurundjeri people
See also
Notes
Citations
Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2012}}{{Use Australian English|date=June 2011}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Wurundjeri
| flag =
| population =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| languages = Woiwurrung language, English
| religions = Australian Aboriginal mythology
| related = Boonerwrung, Dja Dja Wurrung, Taungurong, Wathaurong
see List of Indigenous Australian group names
}}

The Wurundjeri are indigenous descendants of the people of the Indigenous Australian nation of the Wurundjeri language group, in the Kulin alliance. They occupied the Birrarung (Yarra River) Valley. Its tributaries are the present location of Melbourne. Before European settlement, they lived predominantly as aquaculturists, swidden agriculturists (growing grasslands by fire-stick farming to create fenceless herbivore grazing,{{sfn|Bill|2011}} garden-farming murnong yam roots and various tuber lilies as major forms of starch and carbohydrates{{sfn|Pascoe|1947}} ), and hunters and gatherers. Seasonal changes in the weather, availability of foods and other factors would determine where campsites were located, many near the Birrarung and its tributaries.

Wurundjeri people spoke the Woiwurrung language. Wurundjeri refers to the people who occupy one tribal territory, while Woiwurrung refers to the language group shared by the other tribal territory groups and clans within the Woiwurrung territory. Wurundjeri people take their name from the word wurun meaning Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) which is common along Birrarung, and djeri, a grub found in the tree, thus the Wurundjeri are the "Witchetty Grub People".{{sfn|Ellender|Christiansen|2001|p=35}}{{sfn|WTC: Our story}}

The term Wurundjeri is often used to describe the Woiwurrung people as a whole though it was only one of a number of Woiwurrung tribes.

The Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council was established in 1985 by some descendants of the Wurundjeri people.^[1]

History

The Wurundjeri & Gunung Willam Balug Tribes mined diorite at Mount William stone axe quarry which was a source of the highly valued greenstone hatchet heads, which were traded across a wide area as far as New South Wales and Adelaide. The mine provided a complex network of trading for economic and social exchange among the different Aboriginal nations in Victoria.{{sfn|McBryde|1984|p=44}}{{sfn|Presland|1994}} The quarry had been in use for more than 1,500 years and covered 18 hectares including underground pits of several metres. In February 2008 the site was placed on the Australian National Heritage List for its cultural importance and archeological value.{{sfn|National Heritage List}}

Coranderrk

In 1863 the surviving members of the Wurundjeri tribe were given "permissive occupancy" of Coranderrk Station, near Healesville and forcibly resettled. Despite numerous petitions, letters, and delegations to the Colonial and Federal Government, the grant of this land in compensation for the country lost was refused. Coranderrk was closed in 1924 and its occupants bar five refusing to leave Country were again moved to Lake Tyers in Gippsland.

Wurundjeri today

All remaining Wurundjeri people are descendants of Bebejan, through his daughter Annie Borate (Boorat), and in turn, her son Robert Wandin (Wandoon). Bebejan was a Ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri people and was present at John Batman's "treaty" signing in 1835.{{sfn|VAHC|2008}} Joy Murphy Wandin, a Wurundjeri Elder, explains the importance of preserving Wurundjeri culture:

In the recent past, Wurundjeri culture was undermined by people being forbidden to "talk culture" and language. Another loss was the loss of children taken from families. Now, some knowledge of the past must be found and collected from documents. By finding and doing this, Wurundjeri will bring their past to the present and recreate a place of belonging. A "keeping place" should be to keep things for future generations of our people, not a showcase for all, not a resource to earn dollars. I work towards maintaining the Wurundjeri culture for Wurundjeri people into the future.{{efn|Joy Murphy Wandin quoted in {{harvnb|Ellender|Christiansen|2001|p=121}}}}

In 1985, the Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council was established to fulfill statutory roles under Commonwealth and Victorian legislation and to assist in raising awareness of Wurundjeri culture and history within the wider community.{{sfn|Abbotsford Convent Muse|2007}}

Wurundjeri elders often attend events with visitors present where they give the traditional welcome to country greeting in the Woiwurrung language:

Wominjeka yearmenn koondee-bik Wurundjeri-Ballak, which simply means, Welcome to the land of the Wurundjeri people{{sfn|Wandin|2000}}{{sfn|Flanagan|2003}}

Wurundjeri people

Notable Wurundjeri people at the time of British settlement included:

Bebejan (?-1836): ngurungaeta and father of William Barak and brother of Billibellary
Billibellary (1799–1846): ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri-willam clan
Simon Wonga (1824–1874): ngurungaeta and son of Billibellary
William Barak (1824–1903): last traditional ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri-willam clan
Tullamareena: present during the founding of Melbourne
Derrimut (1810–1864): a Bunurong elder associated with the Woiwurrung

Other notable Wurundjeri people include:

Diane Kerr: elder
Joy Murphy Wandin: senior elder
James Wandin (1933–2006): ngurungaeta and Australian rules footballer
Murrundindi: ngurungaeta from 2006

Notes

Citations

Sources

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| ref = {{harvid|The Abbotsford Convent Muse|2007}}
}}

{{Cite web| title = AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia

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}}

{{Cite web| title = Ancestors & Past

| publisher = Wurundjeri Tribe Council
| url = https://www.wurundjeri.com.au/our-story/ancestors-past/
| access-date = 18 February 2019
| ref = {{harvid|WTC: Our story}}
}}

{{Cite journal | title = Mapping the past: an atlas of Victorian clans 1835-1904

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{{Cite web| title = Batmania: The Deed, National Museum of Australia

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{{Cite journal | title = "You have all this place, no good have children ..." Derrimut: traitor, saviour, or a man of his people?

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{{Cite book| title = Decision in relation to an Application by Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council Inc to be a Registered Aboriginal Party

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{{Cite book| title = People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days

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{{Cite news| title = Tireless ambassador bids you welcome

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{{Cite news| title = Marn Grook, a native game on Sydney's biggest stage

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{{Cite web| title = Yarra Creation Story

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| date = 2004–2005 | access-date = 3 November 2008 | archive-date = 4 November 2008
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}}

{{Cite magazine| title = Interview with Megan Goulding, CEO Wurundjeri Inc

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| date = September 2007 | issue = 18
| url = http://www.abbotsfordconvent.com.au/files/Muse%2018th%20Edition%20September%202007_0.pdf | format = pdf | dead-url = yes
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005032/http://www.abbotsfordconvent.com.au/files/Muse%2018th%20Edition%20September%202007_0.pdf
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{{Cite web| title = Management of Wurundjeri Properties & Significant Places

| publisher = Wurundjeri Tribe Council
| url = https://www.wurundjeri.com.au/services/natural-resource-management/management-of-wurundjeri-properties-significant-places/
| access-date = 18 February 2019
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}}

{{Cite journal | title = Kulin Greenstone Quarries: The Social Contexts of Production and Distribution for the Mt William Site

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{{Cite web| title = National Heritage List: Mount William Stone Hatchet Quarry

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}}{{refend}}{{Victorian Aborigines}}

3 : Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (Australia)|History of Melbourne|Wurundjeri

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