“Cryogenic electron microscopy”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is an electron microscopy (EM) technique applied on samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures and embedded in an environment of vitreous water. An aqueous sample solution is applied to a grid-mesh and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane. While development of the technique began in the 1970s, recent advances in detector technology and software algorithms have allowed for the determination of biomolecular structures at near-atomic resolution. ^[1] This has attracted wide attention to the approach as an alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy for macromolecular structure determination without the need for crystallization.

In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution."^[2]

Transmission electron cryomicroscopy

Transmission electron cryomicroscopy (cryoTEM) is a transmission electron microscopy technique that is used in structural biology.

History of cryogenic electron microscopy

In the 1960s, scientists were faced with the issue of structure determination methods using electron microscopy damaging the specimen due to high energy electron beams, so cryogenic electron microscopy was considered to overcome this issue as it was expected that low temperatures would reduce beam damage.^[5] In 1980, Erwin Knapek and Jacques Dubochet published commenting on beam damage at cryogenic temperatures sharing observations that:

In 2017, three scientists, Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a technique that would image biomolecules.^[8]

In 2018, chemists realized that electron diffraction can be used to readily determine the structures of small molecules that form needle-like crystals, structures that would otherwise need to be determined from X-ray crystallography, by growing larger crystals of the compound.^[9]^[3]

Scanning electron cryomicroscopy

Scanning electron cryomicroscopy (cryoSEM), is scanning electron microscopy technique with a scanning electron microscope's cold stage in a cryogenic chamber.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng Y, Grigorieff N, Penczek PA, Walz T | title = A primer to single-particle cryo-electron microscopy | journal = Cell | volume = 161 | issue = 3 | pages = 438–449 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25910204 | pmc = 4409659 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.050 }}
2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Nannenga|first=Brent L|last2=Shi|first2=Dan|last3=Leslie|first3=Andrew G W|last4=Gonen|first4=Tamir|date=2014-08-03|title=High-resolution structure determination by continuous-rotation data collection in MicroED|journal=Nature Methods|volume=11|issue=9|pages=927–930|doi=10.1038/nmeth.3043|pmid=25086503|pmc=4149488}}
3. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Christopher G.|last2=Martynowycz|first2=Michael W.|last3=Hattne|first3=Johan|last4=Fulton|first4=Tyler J.|last5=Stoltz|first5=Brian M.|last6=Rodriguez|first6=Jose A.|last7=Nelson|first7=Hosea M.|last8=Gonen|first8=Tamir|date=2018-11-02|title=The CryoEM Method MicroED as a Powerful Tool for Small Molecule Structure Determination|journal=ACS Central Science|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1587–1592|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.8b00760|pmid=30555912|pmc=6276044}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=de la Cruz|first=M Jason|last2=Hattne|first2=Johan|last3=Shi|first3=Dan|last4=Seidler|first4=Paul|last5=Rodriguez|first5=Jose|last6=Reyes|first6=Francis E|last7=Sawaya|first7=Michael R|last8=Cascio|first8=Duilio|last9=Weiss|first9=Simon C|date=2017|title=Atomic-resolution structures from fragmented protein crystals with the cryoEM method MicroED|journal=Nature Methods|volume=14|issue=4|pages=399–402|doi=10.1038/nmeth.4178|pmid=28192420|pmc=5376236}}
5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Dubochet J, Knapek E | title = Ups and downs in early electron cryo-microscopy | journal = PLoS Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = e2005550 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29672565 | pmc = 5929567 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005550 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Knapek E, Dubochet J | title = Beam damage to organic material is considerably reduced in cryo-electron microscopy | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 141 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–61 | date = August 1980 | pmid = 7441748 | doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90382-4 }}
7. ^{{Cite journal|title=Cryo-transmission microscopy Fading hopes|last=Newmark|first=Peter | name-list-format = vanc |date=30 September 1982|journal=Nature|volume=299|issue=5882|pages=386–387|bibcode=1982Natur.299..386N|doi=10.1038/299386c0}}
8. ^¹{{cite journal | vauthors = Cressey D, Callaway E | title = Cryo-electron microscopy wins chemistry Nobel | journal = Nature | volume = 550 | issue = 7675 | pages = 167 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 29022937 | doi = 10.1038/nature.2017.22738| bibcode = 2017Natur.550..167C }}
9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Gruene T, Wennmacher JT, Zaubitzer C, Holstein JJ, Heidler J, Fecteau-Lefebvre A, De Carlo S, Müller E, Goldie KN, Regeni I, Li T, Santiso-Quinones G, Steinfeld G, Handschin S, van Genderen E, van Bokhoven JA, Clever GH, Pantelic R | title = Rapid structure determination of microcrystalline molecular compounds using electron diffraction | journal = Angewandte Chemie | volume = 57 | issue = 50 | pages = 16313–16317 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 30325568 | doi = 10.1002/anie.201811318 }}