| 词条 | Cumberland Street Archaeological Site |
| 释义 |
| name = Cumberland Street Archaeological Site | image = Cumberland Street (Numbers 120-130), The Rocks (NSW) (Rocks Resumption photographic survey) (16135974514).jpg | caption = Numbers 120-130 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, part of the archaeological site, pictured in October 1901. | locmapin = Australia Sydney central | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-33.8601|151.2070|region:AU-NSW_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | map_relief = yes | location = 106-128 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia | area = | elevation = | height = | beginning_label = Design period | beginning_date = | formed = | founded = | built = 1795– | built_for = | demolished = | architect = | architecture = | owner = Property NSW | designation1 = New South Wales State Heritage Register | designation1_offname = Cumberland Street Archaeological Site; The Big Dig Site; Sydney YHA; Big Dig Education Centre | designation1_type = State heritage (archaeological-terrestrial) | designation1_date = 17 December 2010 | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = 1845 | designation1_free1name = Type | designation1_free1value = Townscape | designation1_free2name = Category | designation1_free2value = Urban Area | designation1_free3name = Builders | designation1_free3value = }} The Cumberland Street Archaeological Site is an heritage-listed archaeological site located at 106-128 Cumberland Street in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government are of New South Wales, Australia. The site includes the remains of early convict-era housing dating as far back as 1795, and a modern youth hostel has been built elevated over the remnants. It is also known as The Big Dig Site; Sydney YHA; Big Dig Education Centre. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 17 December 2010.[1] HistoryEarliest known occupants George Legg and Ann Armsden in 1795. Byrne family on site in 1805, George Cribb's butchery and hotel occupied over half the site from 1811-1829. Much of Section 74 sold by William Murrell, Edward Sandwell and William Perks in December 1827.[2] Subdivided January 1834. Numerous allotment holders who receive grants. Section 75: Lot 8 granted to William Williams, 19 July 1838; Lot 9 granted to Margaret Byrne, 5 August 1835; Lot 10 granted to W. H. Chapman,[3] 6 June 1836; Lot 11 granted to ?, 15 April 1840; Lot 12 granted to J. T. Hughes,[4] 30 November 1840. Site resumed in 1900-02 and 30 buildings demolished by 1915. Engineering works here from 1917//#1'>1{{spaced endash}}various residential and commercial uses, demolition of some buildings as a result of the Darling Harbour resumptions in response to the bubonic plague outbreak in 1900.
Heritage listingAs at 15 October 2010, dating from 1795, the archaeological site has outstanding cultural significance as rare surviving evidence of the mostly convict and ex-convict community established on The Rocks at the time of Australia's first European settlement. The site contains identified relics of 46 historic houses, two lanes, and other features on two early Sydney town lots. It is one of few surviving places in The Rocks where a substantial physical connection exists to the time of first settlement, including the huts and scattered houses built on and carved into the sandstone outcrops that gave The Rocks its name.[1] The site has strong historic associations, providing physical evidence of nineteenth-century events, processes and people. Through this association and the extraordinary level of public involvement in the 1994 excavation, the site has high social and public value as a "historic site". Located within a historic precinct, the substantial physical evidence of the site has distinctive visual qualities and evocative capacity.[1] The archaeological significance of the site continues through both the information being revealed by analysis of excavated material and continuing in situ presence of substantial structural elements and deposits. The in situ relics also have potential to yield further information relating to substantive historical research questions. The site has a unique ability to provide "hands on" experience of important phases of Sydney's history and development and has high interpretative and educational potential.[1] The 2004-2010 archaeological investigation and redevelopment of the site is an outstanding example of best practice archaeological management and interpretation in Australia. The sensitive construction of a Youth Hostel (YHA) over the archaeological site and integrated interpretation of this archaeological site has received multiple awards in design and heritage. The YHA development has been described as arguably one of the best contemporary examples of in-situ conservation of archaeological remains in an urban context anywhere in the world.[6][1] Cumberland Street archaeological site was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 17 December 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.[1] The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.The occupation of The Rocks during the first decades of the settlement at Sydney Cove represented a significant phase and important activity in the early life and development of the Sydney community and the City of Sydney itself. It was the quarter of the town built, shaped and occupied mostly by convicts and ex-convicts. The physical elements at the site provide a material dimension to this part of early Sydney history and evidence of the convict/ex-convict lifestyle. The latter is particularly significant as the organic growth of The Rocks settlement and lack of government regulation evident in the remains of houses contrasts the popular perceptions of convict life.[1] The Rocks was important as both domicile and workplace for the lower orders of Sydney society in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Its history and development stands in stark contrast to that recorded for other sections of society in official documentation. Features directly connected with early occupation of The Rocks, particularly the evidence of material culture and buildings which have been revealed through archaeological investigation, reflect the taste habits and means, and hence the sociocultural characteristics of the sites inhabitants. The collection of artefacts provides evidence that leads to questions about the traditional view of this area during the late nineteenth century as a "blighted slum". The surviving structural elements in their size, construction and format evoke the living conditions of a vanished community.[1] Through both historic records and surviving physical evidence that site is associated with many major phases of Sydney's history and processes that have shaped the development of the growing colony. The subject site witnessed sporadic occupation, consolidation through permissive occupancy and leases, the introduction of land grants, varying phases of intensification and construction, wholesale resumption and clearing and, eventually, low key industrial and later government usage. It provides, in microcosm, a typical slice through the evolution and history of one of the most vital, lively and infamous communities in urban Australia.[5][1] The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.The archaeological site represents, in microcosm, a slice of The Rocks life and community covering more than a century. It has strong links and association with a major Sydney community and a section of New South Wales society. The historical research already undertaken provides a depth and richness to our understanding of the individuals who lived there, none of whom is currently recognised as a "historic" figure in the traditional sense, but all of whom (certainly before the 1830s) might be characterised as pioneers of Sydney. The associational links are particularly strong because of the presence of actual building remains (and artefacts) that relate to known individuals, families and households.[5][1] The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.As an excavated historical archaeological site, the site has well defined visual quality. Within the physical context of The Rocks, and the setting of surrounding historic buildings, the site currently contributes to a rich amalgam of historical layering. This layering is particularly evident within the site itself, where historical events, phases and occupations are reflected in the fine grained texture of intersecting topography and structural remains. The place is instantly recognisable as a historic site.[5][1] The 2004-2010 excavation, interpretation and redevelopment of the site is an outstanding example of best practice archaeological management for Australia. The sensitive construction of a Youth Hostel (YHA) above the archaeological site and integrated interpretation of this archaeological site has received multiple awards in design and heritage. The YHA development has been described as arguably one of the best contemporary examples of in situ conservation of archaeological remains in an urban context anywhere in the world.[6][1] The new youth hostel building reconstructs the original laneways intersecting the site, providing important views to most parts of the site's archaeology as well as vistas from within and outside of the site. These allow an appreciation of the early 19th century layout of the buildings and lanes in this segment of the Rocks. The recreated view corridors and vistas created by the open lanes correspond to early historical photographs before the 19th century buildings were cleared at the turn of the century.[1] The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.The Rocks is now widely recognised as one of the key components of Australia's birthplace. As a focus of early convict settlement, the site occupies a particular conceptual niche. Furthermore, through the green bans of the 1970s, the resurgence in conservations programs of the 1980s and, via a continuing community spirit and pride in its community, The Rocks has already been established as a special place of particular importance to residents and visitors alike.[1] The archaeological site is one of few surviving places within The Rocks where a substantial physical connection exists with the time of first settlement and the huts and scattered houses on the rocky crags that gave "The Rocks" its name. The thousands of people who visited the archaeological site and participated in the 1994 excavation program at varying levels demonstrate its value to the contemporary community. Ongoing access to physical evidence and interpretation has potential to realise and enhance the social value of the place.[5][1] The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.Archaeological deposits and features, particularly when considered in conjunction with documentary evidence can provide evidence of material culture that yields information which may by unavailable from documentary sources alone. This site and the collection of excavated material form a resource which contributes to a better understanding of social, economic and cultural history of Sydney and The Rocks community in particular.[1] Archaeological excavation at the site has already realised a substantial part of its archaeological potential. Many site specific research questions have been answered. Analysis of the data gathered has addressed major historical questions, including the impact of the industrial revolution, the rise of class, women's occupation and lives, the ongoing debate on the standard of living for working class people in urban areas, the social and cultural role of The Rocks within the larger city, and the changing impact of Government over the historical period.[1] Some areas of the site remain unexcavated and have potential available for future investigation. While the excavation to date has produced a complete picture of the activities undertaken on the site, should it be decided in the future to excavate the remaining areas, it is expected that this new information would complement the information already gathered.[1] The physical remains at the site and the associated artefact collection provide major ongoing research opportunities in fields such as convictism, colonial settlement and working class communities, which are major themes in Australian history.[5][1] The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.The archaeological site is believed to be the only substantial residential site (i.e. one containing an entire neighbourhood), remaining in Sydney's Rocks, that contains physical evidence of structures and material culture from the period of first settlement. The 1994 archaeological investigation recovered enormous quantities of artefacts and the remains of many structures - all of which survived here because of later twentieth century activity had not impinged greatly on the surviving features. In this respect, the archaeological site contrasts with many other places in urban Australia where the extent of building activity undertaken during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s has removed structures and stratified deposits. Any area with potential for in situ preservation of relics from nineteenth century Sydney, and particularly the early part of the century or prior to 1800, represent a finite, rare and endangered resource.[5][1] The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.The continuous occupation of the archaeological site from the late eighteenth century throughout the nineteenth century provides the opportunity to experience and examine changes and development in society and particularly changes in home life and the use of domestic space. The evidence at the archaeological site demonstrates characteristics of both individual residences and a residential/Rocks community (including hotels, shops and other workplaces) during this period, providing a physical demonstration and important "hands on" opportunity to understand how earlier lifestyles and living conditions differed from those of today.[5][1] See also{{portal|Sydney}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 {{cite NSW SHR|5056816|Cumberland Street Archaeological Site|hr=01845|fn=S94/00423/1; H06/00295/01|accessdate=14 October 2018}} 2. ^AR096 3. ^AM057-058 4. ^AM087; AM121-123; AM126-131; AR097 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Godden Mackay Logan 2006 6. ^1 GML 2010 Bibliography
Attribution{{NSW-SHR-CC|name=Cumberland Street Archaeological Site|dno=5056816|id=1845|year=2018|accessdate=14 October 2018}}== External links == {{commons category|Big Dig Archaeological Site}}
11 : New South Wales State Heritage Register|The Rocks, New South Wales|Bus transport in Sydney|Protected areas of New South Wales|Houses in Sydney|Commercial buildings in New South Wales|Buildings and structures in Sydney|Archaeological sites in New South Wales|Industrial buildings in Sydney|Hostels|Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register |
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