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词条 Cusper
释义

  1. Background

  2. Notable cusper groups

     G.I. Generation/Silent Generation  Date ranges  Characteristics  Silent Generation/Baby Boomers  Date ranges  Characteristics   Famous members   Baby Boomers/Generation X  Date ranges  Characteristics  Generation X/Millennials  Date ranges  Characteristics  Millennials/Generation Z  Date ranges  Characteristics 

  3. Workplace importance

  4. Generational identity

  5. References

{{redirect|Cuspers|the life stage|Twixter}}

A cusper is a person born near the end of one generation and the beginning of another. People born in these circumstances tend to have a mix of characteristics common to their adjacent generations, but do not closely resemble those born in the middle of their adjacent generations.[1][2][3][4]

Background

Generational profiles are built based on people born in the middle of a generation rather than those on the tails of a generation.[5] Generations may overlap by as little as five, or as many as eight years.[4][5][8] As such, many people identify with aspects of at least two generations.[4] The precise birth years defining when generations start and end vary.[6]

Notable cusper groups

G.I. Generation/Silent Generation

Date ranges

  • Just before the 1920s, as identified by Graeme Codrington.[11]

Characteristics

These cuspers experienced the lows after World War I but also the highs of the early Roaring Twenties, the Flappers, the Charleston and early silent movies. As these cuspers came of age, some of them become more visionary like the G.I. Generation or stoic like the Silents.[11]

Silent Generation/Baby Boomers

Date ranges

  • 1933-1945 as identified by Susan Mitchell[7]
  • 1939-1945 as identified by Claire Raines Associates[4]
  • 1940-1945 as identified by Lancaster and Stillman, authors of When Generations Collide as well as The Mayo Clinic[15][6]
  • 1943-1948 as identified by Deon Smit writing for HR Future[4]

Characteristics

Claire Raines Associates names these cuspers the Sandwich Group.[4] Susan Mitchell calls these cuspers the Swing Generation.[7][8] According to the Mayo Clinic, these cuspers have the work ethic of the Silent Generations, but like Baby Boomers will often challenge the status quo.[6] Codrington describes them has having the status-seeking, career advancement motivations as Baby Boomers. [11] Codrington adds that they are old enough to remember World War II, but were born too late to enjoy the 1960s.[11] Hart notes that research has found the younger members of the Silent Generation tended to share more traits with Baby Boomers.[9] Writer Marian Botsford Fraser described women in this cusper population as girls who "...did not smoke dope at high school, go to rock concerts, toy with acid and the pill and hippie boyfriends at university or tour Europe with a backpack." Instead, she notes "These girls wore crinolines and girdles, went to The Prom, went to nursing school and teachers' college, rarely university."[10] Speaking of Susan Mitchell's population specifically they are believed to be an anomaly in that they tend be more activist and free thinkers than those born prior to them in the Silent Generation.[3][7] Lancaster and Stillman echo this last point and note that these cuspers were on the frontlines of America's internal struggles as adults, agitating in favor of human rights. They go on to say many women among these cuspers entered in to male-dominated workplaces before the women's movement existed, blazing a trail for other generations of women to follow.[15]

Famous members

  • Former South African president Thabo Mbeki[11]
  • Britain's former prime minister Gordon Brown[11]

Baby Boomers/Generation X

{{Main|Generation Jones}}

Date ranges

  • 1954-1965 as idenfified by Jonathan Pontell[11]
  • 1958-1967 as identified by Mark Wegierski of the Hudson Institute.[12]
  • 1960-1965 as identified by Lancaster and Stillman, Mayo Clinic and Andrea Stone writing in USA Today[15][6][13]
  • 1962-1967 as identified by Smit.[4]
  • 1964-1969 as identified by Codrington.[1]

Characteristics

This population is sometimes referred to as Generation Jones, and less commonly as Tweeners.[13] These cuspers were not as financially successful as older Baby Boomers.[6][15] They experienced a recession like many Generation Xers but had a much more difficult time finding jobs than Generation X did.[6][15] While they learned to be IT-savvy, they didn't have computers until after high school but were some of the first to purchase them for their homes.[6][11] They were among some of the first to take an interest in video games.[15] They get along well with Baby Boomers, but share different values. While they are comfortable in office environments, they are more relaxed at home. They're less interested in advancing their careers than Baby Boomers and more interested in quality of life.[11]

Generation X/Millennials

{{Main|Xennials}}

Date ranges

  • 1977-1981 as identified by Doree Shafrir writing for Slate[14]
  • 1977-1983 as identified by Smit[4] and Merriam-Webster[15]
  • 1977-1985 as identified by Business Insider[16][17]
  • 1975-1980 as identified by Lancaster and Stillman and the Mayo Clinic[15][6]

Characteristics

The Generation X/Millennial cuspers are most commonly referred to as Xennials, although other names include The Oregon Trail Generation, Generation Catalano and The Lucky Ones.[8] Researchers point out that these cuspers have both the healthy skepticism of Generation X and the optimism of Millennials.[15][11][6] They are likely to challenge authority, but also are more career-focused than Generation X.[11] While not all of these cuspers are digital natives,[18] they are very comfortable with technology.[6]

Millennials/Generation Z

Date ranges

1993-1998 as identified by Smit[19]

Characteristics

Smit refers to these cuspers as MinionZ.[19] Those born in the transition period between Generations Y and Z had access to the internet from an early age and are considered by many to be digital natives, while still retaining some or few memories from before the rise of the World Wide Web.{{cn|date=February 2019}} Many of them thought they were part of Generation Y before discovering otherwise.{{cn|date=February 2019}} In regards to politics and social issues, they bear more social liberal views, like Millennials, while demonstrating a level of skepticism and insecurity when it comes to finances and their family environment, a common trait among Generation Z, in part due to growing up in the aftermath of 9/11 and during a period of global economic recession.{{cn|date=February 2019}}

Workplace importance

Communication misunderstandings between employees of different generations are detrimental to workplace moral, increasing turnover and absenteeism while decreasing job satisfaction, work commitment and productivity.[20][21] Effective communication between employees of different generations, however, allows for collaborative relationships and ensures that information is retained from one generation to the next.[20] Cuspers play an important role in multi-generational workplaces and other organizations.[15][11] Metaphorically cuspers are like bridges or glue that connect members of their adjacent major generations.[19][18] Between generations, they are naturally skilled at mediating, translating, mentoring and managing.[22][23] Strategically placing cuspers in the workplace has the potential to reduce generational workplace friction and give organizations doing so a competitive advantage.[24][25]

Generational identity

Many cuspers don't feel a sense of belonging to a specific generation.[23][22] Researchers studying generational subculture theory have speculated that there may be populations within larger generational cohorts whose values are more in line with those of proceeding generations, for example, someone born in the range of Generation X, but who has a moral philosophy more similar to the Silent Generation.[24][26] The generational fuzziness theory purposes that one's generation is best defined as the combination of one's birth year and generational identity—the cultural generation to feel most similar to.[27][28]

References

1. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Codrington |first1=Graeme |title=Detailed introduction to generational theory |pages=1–15 |date=2008 |url=http://ngkok.co.za/sinode2016/intro-generations.pdf}}
2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Hammill |first1=G |title=Mixing and managing four generations of employees |journal=FDU Magazine Online |volume=12 |issue=2 |url=https://www.fdu.edu/newspubs/magazine/05ws/generations.htm}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Giancola |first=Frank |title=The generation gap: more myth than reality |journal=Human Resource Planning |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=32–7 |date=2006 |issn=0199-8986 |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/24173545/generation-gap-more-myth-than-reality}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |author=Claire Raines Associates |title=Generations at Work: Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.generationsatwork.com/FAQ.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808091854/www.generationsatwork.com/FAQ.htm |archive-date=2006-08-08 |access-date=2019-02-02 |date=2003}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kupperschmidt|first1=Betty R.|title=Multigeneration Employees: Strategies for Effective Management|journal=The Health Care Manager|volume=19|issue=1|year=2000|pages=65–76|issn=1525-5794|doi=10.1097/00126450-200019010-00011|pmid=11183655}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web |author=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=Workplace generation gap: Understand differences among colleagues |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/working-life/WL00045 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316032442/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/working-life/WL00045 |archive-date=2007-03-16 |date=2005-07-06}}
7. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Susan Mitchell|title=American Generations: Who They Are, how They Live, what They Think|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bsiAQAAIAAJ|year=2003|publisher=New Strategist Publications|isbn=978-1-885070-46-3|oclc=51031116}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Wey Smola|first1=Karen|last2=Sutton|first2=Charlotte D.|title=Generational differences: revisiting generational work values for the new millennium|journal=Journal of Organizational Behavior|volume=23|issue=4|year=2002|pages=363–382|issn=0894-3796|doi=10.1002/job.147}}
9. ^{{cite journal| author=Hart KA| title=Generations in the workplace: finding common ground. | journal=MLO Med Lab Obs | year= 2006 | volume= 38 | issue= 10 | pages= 26–7 | pmid=17086828 | doi= | pmc= }}
10. ^{{cite journal |last1=Elve |first1=Barbara |title=Stats prof has come a long way |journal=University of Waterloo Daily Bulletin |date=2000-06-15 |url=https://bulletin.uwaterloo.ca/2000/jun/15th.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014235658/http://www.bulletin.uwaterloo.ca/2000/jun/15th.html |archive-date=2006-10-14 |access-date=2019-02-01}}
11. ^{{cite journal |last=Wellner |first=Alison Stein |date=2000 |title=Generational Divide. Are Traditional Methods of Classifying a Generation Still Meaningful in a Diverse and Changing Nation? |journal=American Demographics |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=52–58 |lay-url=https://adage.com/article/american-demographics/generational-divide/42724/}}
12. ^{{cite news|last1=Wegierski|first1=Mark|title=Defining the "Cuspers"|url=http://hudson.org/research/3287-defining-the-cuspers-|accessdate=5 August 2016|publisher=Hudson Institute|date=23 April 2004}}
13. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Not boomers, not Xers, they are Tweeners |last=Stone |first=Andrea |date=22-24 March 1996 |journal=USA Today |url=http://www.tweeners.org/usatoday.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126082658fw_/http://www.tweeners.org/usatoday.htm |archive-date=2007-11-26 |access-date=2019-02-01}}
14. ^{{cite journal | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/life/culturebox/2011/10/generation_catalano_the_generation_stuck_between_gen_x_and_the_m.single.html | title = Generation Catalano | last = Shafrir | first = Doree | date = 24 October 2011 | journal = Slate | access-date = 6 November 2015}}
15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/words-were-watching-xennial|title=Words We're Watching: 'Xennial'|access-date=2017-12-02|language=en}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/people-born-between-gen-x-millennials-xennials-2017-11|title=There's a term for people born in the early 80's who don't feel like a millennial or Gen Xer|date=10 January 2018|accessdate=2 May 2018|publisher=Business Insider|first1=Marleen|last1=Stollen|first2=Gisela|last2=Wolf}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/xennials-born-between-millennials-and-gen-x-2017-11|title=There's a term for people born in the early 80s who don't feel like a millennial or a Gen X-er–here's everything we know|last=Lebowitz|first=Shana|date=10 March 2018|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-01-29}}
18. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Fluck|first1=A.|last2=Dowden|first2=T.|title=On the cusp of change: examining pre-service teachers' beliefs about ICT and envisioning the digital classroom of the future|journal=Journal of Computer Assisted Learning|volume=29|issue=1|year=2013|pages=43–52|issn=02664909|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2729.2011.00464.x}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |first=Deon |last=Smit |title=Do you have enough "Generational Glue" in your organisation? |journal=HR Future |volume=2017 |issue=Dec 2017 |pages=22–23 |url=https://journals.co.za/content/journal/10520/EJC-b978fc1a0 |lay-url=https://hrfuture.net/?view=article&id=23270:do-you-have-enough-generational-glue-in-your-organisation |issn=1608-8506 |date=December 2017}}
20. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Nwosu |first1=Moses C. |last2=Igwe |first2=Chuma O. |last3=Nnadozie |first3=Kingsley N. |title=Managing generational diversity in the workplace: implications for the digital era university library management |journal=International Journal of Applied Technologies in Library and Information Management |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1–17 |url=http://jatlim.org/volumes/volume2/No2/MOSES%20ONLINE%20VOL%202%20NO%202%20AUG.pdf |date=2016 |issn=2467-8120}}
21. ^{{cite journal|last1=Sakdiyakorn|first1=Malinvisa|last2=Wattanacharoensil|first2=Walanchalee|title=Generational Diversity in the Workplace: A Systematic Review in the Hospitality Context|journal=Cornell Hospitality Quarterly|volume=59|issue=2|year=2017|pages=135–159|issn=1938-9655|doi=10.1177/1938965517730312}}
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite book|author1=Lynne C. Lancaster|author2=David Stillman|title=When Generations Collide: Who They Are. Why They Clash. How to Solve the Generational Puzzle at Work|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bn_mxJboF0IC|date=13 October 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-175589-7|chapter=Chapter 3: The Tie-Dyed Preppy}}
23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite book|author=Graeme Codrington|title=Mind the Gap: Own your past, know your generation, choose your future|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChE0xMDGNv4C|date=1 October 2012|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-0-14-352911-8|chapter=Chapter 9: If you don't fit in ... You could be a 'Cusper' |lay-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311190854/http://www.tomorrowtoday.biz/mindthegap/genscusper.htm} |author-link=Graeme Codrington}}
24. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=Melissa Kempf|title=Xennials: a microgeneration in the workplace|journal=Industrial and Commercial Training|volume=50|issue=3|year=2018|pages=136–147|issn=0019-7858|doi=10.1108/ICT-08-2017-0065}}
25. ^{{cite journal|title=The organizational value of Xennials|journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=26|issue=4|year=2018|pages=22–24|issn=0967-0734|doi=10.1108/HRMID-04-2018-0066}}
26. ^{{cite journal|last1=Robertson|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Ralston|first2=David A.|last3=Crittenden|first3=William F.|title=The relationship between cultural values and moral philosophy: a generational subculture theory approach|journal=AMS Review|volume=2|issue=2–4|year=2012|pages=99–107|issn=1869-814X|doi=10.1007/s13162-012-0029-2}}
27. ^{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Stacy M.|last2=Twenge|first2=Jean M.|last3=Campbell|first3=W. Keith|title=Fuzzy But Useful Constructs: Making Sense of the Differences Between Generations|journal=Work, Aging and Retirement|volume=3|issue=2|year=2017|pages=130–139|issn=2054-4642|doi=10.1093/workar/wax001|url=https://academic.oup.com/workar/article/3/2/130/2997409#63061717}}
28. ^{{cite conference |url=https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/workplace-needs-and-their-support-are-millennials-different-from- |title=Workplace needs and their support; are millennials different from other generations? |last1=Appel-Meulenbroek |first1=H.A.J.A. |last2=Vosters |first2=S.M.C. |last3=Kemperman |first3=A.D.A.M. |last4=Arentze |first4=T.A. |date=2019 |location=Melbourne, Australia |pages=1–14 |conference=Twenty fifth annual Pacific Rim Real Estate Society conference (PRRES 2019)}}
{{Cultural gens}}{{Young adult development}}

2 : Cultural generations|Demographics
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