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词条 Cyclone Freda
释义

  1. Meteorological history

  2. Preparations and impact

     The Solomon Islands  New Caledonia 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Severe Tropical Cyclone Freda
| Type=tropical cyclone
| Year=2013
| Basin=SPac
| Image location=Freda Dec 30 2012 0332Z.png
| Image name=Cyclone Freda near its peak intensity
| Formed=December 26, 2012
| Dissipated=January 4, 2013
| 1-min winds=110
| 10-min winds=100
| Pressure=940
| Fatalities=2
| Areas=Solomon Islands, New Caledonia
| Hurricane season=2012–13 South Pacific and
Australian region cyclone season's
}}

Severe Tropical Cyclone Freda was an intense tropical cyclone that developed during the 2012–13 South Pacific cyclone season and affected New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands as a weak tropical cyclone. The system that was to become Cyclone Freda was first classified on December 26, 2012, as a tropical disturbance. It gradually developed and was classified as a tropical cyclone and named Freda as it passed through the Solomon Islands on December 28.

Within the Solomon Islands, no casualties and a moderate amount of damage were reported. Within New Caledonia, one person drowned while another person was left missing after attempting to cross a bridge. In New Caledonia, Severe damage and two deaths were reported after Freda had affected the territory around the new year of 2012–13.[1]

As the system passed near New Caledonia, it started to rapidly weaken and became a tropical depression on January 1.

Meteorological history

{{storm path|Freda 2012 track.png}}

On December 26, 2012, the Fiji Meteorological Service's Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Nadi (RSMC Nadi) reported that Tropical Disturbance 05F had developed within an area of low to moderate vertical windshear about 1075 km (670 mi) to the north of Port Vila, Vanuatu.[2][3] During that day, as the system moved towards the west, convection surrounding the centre and the general organization of the system increased, before RSMC Nadi reported that the system had developed into a tropical depression.[4] During December 27, the depression started to move towards the southwest and the southern Solomon Islands, as convection surrounding the centre and the general organization of the system continued to increase.[5] The system then passed near the Southern Solomon Islands early the next day, before the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) designated the depression as Tropical Cyclone 06P and initiated advisories on it, as the system had become equivalent to a tropical storm.[6][7] Later that day, RSMC Nadi reported that the depression had become a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Freda, as it continued to move towards the southwest and passed near Rennell Island.[8][9] During December 29, Freda continued to move towards the south-southwest, crossed 160°E and briefly moved into the Australian region, before it started to move towards the south-southeast along the western edge of the subtropical ridge of high pressure and moved back into the South Pacific basin.[10][11][12] During that day the system developed a {{convert|20|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} wide eye while significantly intensifying further, with RSMC Nadi reporting by 1800 UTC that Freda had become a category 3 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 150 km/h (95 mph).[13][14]

During December 30, Freda continued to intensify further before RSMC Nadi reported at 1200 UTC that Freda had peaked with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of {{convert|185|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, which made it a category 4 severe tropical cyclone.[9][15] The JTWC subsequently followed suit six hours later and reported that Freda had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of {{convert|205|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, which made it equivalent to a category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale.[16] After it had peaked, Freda quickly weakened as it continued to move towards the south-southeast, as vertical windshear over the system increased and caused convection over Freda's northern semicircle to gradually wear away.[17] By 0000 UTC on January 1, the JTWC reported that Freda had become equivalent to a category 1 hurricane, while RSMC Nadi reported that the system had weakened into a category 2 tropical cyclone.[16][18] Throughout that day, Freda continued to weaken. At 1800 UTC, after deep convection had become displaced to the east of the low level circulation center, RSMC Nadi reported that the cyclone had weakened into a tropical depression.[19] During the next day the JTWC issued their final advisory on the system after the low level circulation center had become fully exposed before the remnant tropical depression crossed the northern part of New Caledonia's Grande Terre Island.[9][20][21] After crossing New Caledonia's biggest island, Freda started to move towards the southeast between Grande Terre and the Loyalty Islands, while the JTWC reported that Freda had become a subtropical cyclone, as it was positioned under a strong subtropical westerly flow.[16][22] The remnant tropical depression was subsequently last noted during January 4, as it dissipated about {{convert|630|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the southwest of Nadi, Fiji.[16][23]

Preparations and impact

The Solomon Islands

Cyclone Freda caused a moderate amount of damage when it affected the Solomon Islands between December 27 and 30, with windspeeds of up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}.[24][25] Ahead of the system reaching the country, the Solomon Islands Meteorological Service issued various tropical disturbance and tropical cyclone watches and warnings for parts of the archipelago, including the islands of Makira, Malaita, Guadalcanal, Temotu, Sikaiana, Rennell and Bellona.[26][27][28] Within the Solomon Islands, winds of up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} whipped roofs of houses and flattened trees, while heavy rain caused rivers to rise and flood. The provinces of Makira and Ulawa were the worst affected, with damage to infrastructure, food gardens and shelters reported.[24] Several food gardens and houses were also destroyed on the island of Guadalcanal, while other provinces including Malaita, Temotu, Isabel and Central provinces reported minimal damage or no damage at all.[24]

Freda brought strong winds and rain that flattened trees and lifted roofs.[29] Makira Island was hardest hit, with rising rivers flooding some areas.[29]

Most of the damage in the Solomon Islands was from widespread flooding in remote outlying islands, while there were no reports of any casualties.[30]

On December 31, the Solomon Islands National Disaster Management Office approved a $3.7 million budget for work programmes, transport, logistics and food relief supplies to deal with the damage left behind by Cyclone Freda.[24]

New Caledonia

On December 29, the French High Commissioner for New Caledonia placed the whole of the archipelago under a pre-alert, as Freda was expected to generate heavy rain and disrupt New Year's Eve celebrations.[31]

Within New Caledonia, the strongest winds were observed on Grand Terre's south-southwestern coast, with a maximum gust of {{convert|154|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and a rainfall amount of {{convert|438|mm|in|abbr=on}} were recorded at the Goro weather station.

One man drowned in high seas whipped up by Freda, while another went missing after attempting to cross a swollen river.[32]

See also

  • Cyclone Rewa

References

1. ^http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=73246
2. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary December 26, 2012 09z|archivedate=December 26, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DCDlsOKk?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WWPS21-NFFN_201212260900.htm|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|accessdate=December 26, 2012|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|deadurl=yes|df=}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 26, 2012 06z|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abpwweb.txt|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|accessdate=December 26, 2012|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DDiF7s9N?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201212261200.htm|archivedate=December 27, 2012|date=December 26, 2012|deadurl=yes|df=}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 27, 2012 00z|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20027.txt|date=December 27, 2012|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|archivedate=December 27, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DDhnCFl4?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201212270000.htm|accessdate=December 31, 2012|deadurl=yes|df=}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 27, 2012 06z|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20027.txt|date=December 27, 2012|accessdate=December 31, 2012|archivedate=December 27, 2012|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DDhn5zs0?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201212270600.htm|deadurl=yes|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 28, 2012 00z|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20027.txt|date=December 28, 2012|accessdate=December 31, 2012|archivedate=December 28, 2012|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DFFJEHjP?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201212280000.htm|deadurl=yes|df=}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning December 28, 15z|archivedate=December 28, 2012|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/sh0413web.txt|date=December 28, 2012|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|accessdate=December 31, 2012|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DFnU5oHx?url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|deadurl=yes|df=}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 28, 2012 18z|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20027.txt|date=December 28, 2012|accessdate=December 31, 2012|archivedate=December 28, 2012|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DFnviltd?url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|deadurl=yes|df=}}
9. ^1 2 {{cite journal|title=December 2012|journal=Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|volume=31|issue=12|author=Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre|pages=2–3|issn=1321-4233|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/DTDS-201212.pdf|accessdate=January 24, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DuSTlsdL?url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/DTDS-201212.pdf|archivedate=January 24, 2013|deadurl=no|df=}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning December 29, 15z|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/sh0513web.txt|date=December 29, 2012|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|accessdate=January 4, 2012|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DK6xJcpT?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS31-PGTW_201212291500.htm|archivedate=December 31, 2012|deadurl=yes|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 29, 2012 00z|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20027.txt|date=December 29, 2012|accessdate=December 31, 2012|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|archivedate=December 29, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DGv5yWEP?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201212290000.htm|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|deadurl=yes|df=}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin December 29, 2012 12z|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|author=Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/wrap_fwo.pl?IDQ20065.txt|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DJ3pckfb?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/AXAU21-ABRF_201212291324.htm|archivedate=December 30, 2012|deadurl=yes|df=}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 29, 2012 18z|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20027.txt|date=December 29, 2012|accessdate=December 31, 2012|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|archivedate=December 31, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DJIHuADT?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201212291800.htm|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|deadurl=yes|df=}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning December 30, 03z|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/sh0513web.txt|date=December 30, 2012|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|accessdate=January 4, 2012|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DK6xEnJ1?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS31-PGTW_201212300300.htm|archivedate=December 31, 2012|deadurl=yes|df=}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 30, 2012 00z|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20027.txt|date=December 31, 2012|accessdate=December 31, 2012|archivedate=December 31, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DJHyXRjk?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201212301200.htm|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|deadurl=yes|df=}}
16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Running Best Track Analysis|url=https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil//tcdat/tc13/SHEM/05P.FREDA/trackfile.txt|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|accessdate=31 December 2012|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=December 31, 2012}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning December 31, 03z|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/sh0513web.txt|date=December 31, 2012|archivedate=December 31, 2012|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|accessdate=January 6, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DK6x2euY?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS31-PGTW_201212310300.htm|deadurl=yes|df=}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory January 1, 2013 00z|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20027.txt|date=January 1, 2013|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|accessdate=January 6, 2013|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|archivedate=January 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DLPfwQMy?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201301010000.htm|deadurl=yes|df=}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory January 1, 2013 18z|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20027.txt|date=January 1, 2013|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|accessdate=January 4, 2013|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|archivedate=January 4, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DQJzkE6s?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201301011800.htm|deadurl=yes|df=}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning January 2, 2013 03z|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/sh0513web.txt|date=January 2, 2013|archivedate=January 2, 2013|accessdate=January 6, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DMqVT0YJ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS31-PGTW_201301020300.htm|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|deadurl=yes|df=}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Bilan provisoire du passage de Freda|url=http://www.meteo.nc/actualites/358|accessdate=January 5, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DSX0a6To?url=http://www.meteo.nc/actualites/358-freda?tmpl%3Dcomponent%26print%3D1%26layout%3Ddefault%26page%3D|archivedate=January 6, 2013|language=French|date=January 4, 2013|publisher=Meteo France New Caledonia|deadurl=yes|df=}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans January 2, 2013 22z|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abpwweb.txt|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DDiF7s9N?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201212261200.htm|archivedate=December 27, 2012|date=January 2, 2013|accessdate=January 6, 2013|deadurl=yes|df=}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans January 4, 2013 06z|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abpwweb.txt|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DDiF7s9N?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201212261200.htm|archivedate=December 27, 2012|date=January 4, 2013|accessdate=January 5, 2013|deadurl=yes|df=}}
24. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=$3m for cyclone relief|url=http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/16831%E2%80%903m%E2%80%90for%E2%80%90cyclone%E2%80%90relief|accessdate=January 4, 2012|newspaper=Solomon Star News|date=January 4, 2012|author=Marau, Douglas|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DQRPNWEg?url=http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/16831%E2%80%903m%E2%80%90for%E2%80%90cyclone%E2%80%90relief|archivedate=January 4, 2013|deadurl=no|df=}}
25. ^{{cite news|title=Cyclone Freda hits Solomon Islands|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/124503/cyclone-freda-hits-solomon-islands|publisher=Radio New Zealand|accessdate=January 4, 2012}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Disturbance Watch Advice Number Two|accessdate=December 31, 2012|archivedate=December 26, 2012|url=http://www.met.gov.sb/TROPICAL%20DISTURBANCE%20ADVISORY.htm|publisher=Solomon Islands Meteorological Service|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DCnwkIlZ?url=http://www.met.gov.sb/TROPICAL%20DISTURBANCE%20ADVISORY.htm|date=December 26, 2012|deadurl=yes|df=}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Warning Number Two|url=http://www.met.gov.sb/TROPICAL%20DISTURBANCE%20ADVISORY.htm|date=December 28, 2012|accessdate=December 31, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DFomWHWT?url=http://www.met.gov.sb/TROPICAL%20DISTURBANCE%20ADVISORY.htm|archivedate=December 28, 2012|publisher=Solomon Islands Meteorological Service|deadurl=yes|df=}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Watch Advice Number Two|archivedate=December 31, 2012|date=December 31, 2012|publisher=Solomon Islands Meteorological Service|url=http://www.met.gov.sb/TROPICAL%20DISTURBANCE%20ADVISORY.htm|accessdate=December 31, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DKG8Pjux?url=http://www.met.gov.sb/TROPICAL%20DISTURBANCE%20ADVISORY.htm|deadurl=yes|df=}}
29. ^1 {{cite news|title=Cyclone hits Solomon Islands in South Pacific|date=December 29, 2012|agency=Deutsche Presse-Agentur}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=Pacific Cyclone Freda reaches New Caledonia|date=December 30, 2012|agency=Deutsche Presse-Agentur}}
31. ^{{cite news|newspaper=Le Point.fr|title=Le cyclone Freda: futur cauchemar de la Nouvelle-Calédonie?|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/le-cyclone-freda-futur-cauchemar-de-la-nouvelle-caledonie-29-12-2012-1606841_23.php|accessdate=December 31, 2012|date=December 29, 2012}}
32. ^{{cite news|title=One killed as Cyclone Freda hits New Caledonia|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-03/an-cyclones-kills-one-in-new-caledonia/4451824|accessdate=January 6, 2013|date=January 3, 2013|agency=Agence France-Presse|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DSWEEgFg?url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-03/an-cyclones-kills-one-in-new-caledonia/4451824|archivedate=January 6, 2013|deadurl=no|df=}}

External links

{{SPAC EL's}}{{Retired South Pacific cyclones}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Freda (2012)}}

8 : 2012–13 South Pacific cyclone season|Category 4 South Pacific cyclones|Tropical cyclones in the Solomon Islands|Tropical cyclones in New Caledonia|2012 in the Solomon Islands|2012 in New Caledonia|2013 in the Solomon Islands|Retired South Pacific cyclones
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