词条 | Czapski family |
释义 |
Hutten-Czapski (feminine: Hutten-Czapska) or Graf von Hutten-Czapski or simply Czapscy, or Czapski, are an old Polish aristocratic family from Pomerania. Some branches were given the title of Count. This remarkable family contributed greatly to Poland's political, cultural and military history. Though the family originated from the Prussian Baltic knights, their allegiance was for Poland. It is not entirely clear when and where the Czapski name had its beginnings. One version is that they are related to the old Prussian von Hutten family who appeared in the year 930. A Dietrich von Hutten, along with other nobles, was summoned in 1112 by Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke of Lesser Poland, to help fight against the pagan Prussians.[1] Dietrich distinguished himself in battle in 1113, and Boleslaw promoted him to knight, giving him a coat of arms and the village of Leliwa. Descendants of Dietrich von Hutten later adopted the Teutonic name of von Smolangen. And then one of the von Smolangens, changed the name to von Hutton, and added Czapski to it. There is not much hard evidence that this is the beginning even though it is mentioned in some sources. What is clear, is that the Czpaskis originated from the Smolag, Pomeranina Voivodeship, near Gdansk.[2] For many centuries the Czpaskis occupied high administrative and military rank in the region. It is therefore possible, as other references claim, that the beginning was with Hugo von Smolangen II, who was in 1482 the Castellan of Gdansk.[3] The most clearly and certifiable beginning was when, in 1526, Sigismund I of Poland gave to a magistrate named Martin, the village of Czaple.[4] Juliusz Czpaski, Marcins grandson, expanded the Czapski family holdings to include the villages of Smętowo, Chwarzno, Swarozyn and Smętówko. At the end of the sixteenth century the Czpaskis were one of the wealthiest noble families in the region of Gdansk.[5] At some point, perhaps bridging both the Prussian/Polish relationship as well as loyalties, the von Hutten was most likely added relating the German Hut (hat or cap in German) to the Polish tchapska, also meaning hat, and thereby constructing the name Hutten-Czapska; hat in German and in Polish. Through the centuries, the Czapskis rose in prominence and power as large landowners of significant political and social importance. The family grew further in prestige in the 18th century under the rule of Stanisław August Poniatowski, and branched out to Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.[6] Through marriage, the Czpaskis were connected to some of the well known Polish families such as the Princes Czetwertynski and Radziwill, Counts Dzialynski, Goetzendorf-Grabowski, Małachowski, Mielzynski, Plater-Zyberg, Potocki, Potulicki, Puslowski, Raczynski, Rzewuski, Zamojski. The family is also closely related to other European aristocracy such as the Thun-Hohenstein, Stackleberg and the Meyendorffs.[7] In particular, the marriage of Franciszek Stanislaw Kostka Hutten-Czapski to Veronica Radziwill in the 18th century brought great wealth and properties to what was called the Chelmno branch of the Czpaskis.[8] Among the Czapskis are thirteen senators, various Governors, Castellans, Counselors, Chamberlains, Bishops and Generals. There are six recipients of Poland's highest award, the Order of the White Eagle, four recipients of Poland's highest award for bravery in battle: the Virtuti Militari, and two Bailiffs of the Order of Malta. In the 17th century, a Sebastian Czapski married a Konopacka, the maternal aunt of the famous astronomer Copernicus.[9] Title of CountOn the 27th of September 1804, brothers Nicolas and Joseph Czpaski, both former generals of the First Polish Republic(the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), received from King Frederick William III of Prussia,[10] the hereditary title of Count with the Prussian name Graf von Hutten. On November 3, 1861.,[11] as a result of the friendship of his mother with King Wilhelm I of Prusia, Bogdan Hutten-Czapski was confirmed as a Prussian count. On June 12, 1874, the brothers Adam, Igancy and Emeryk Hutten-Czapski were confirmed as counts by the Tsar of the Russian Empire. On June 28, 1895,[11] the title was reconfirmed by the Russian Empire, and on June 14, 1900 the title was confirmed for Stanislaw Antoni and Mikolaj(Nicolas) Hutten-Czapski.[12] Coat of ArmsThe Leliwa coat of arms, or crest, was used by several hundred szlachta families during the existence of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and remains in use today by many of the descendants of these families.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} There are several forms of the arms, all of which bear the name Leliwa. The Leliwa coat of arms was historically used by the Czapskis as well as other well known noble Polish families such as the Tarnowski, Sieniawski, Morsztyn, Hlebowicz, Tyszkiewicz, and Średziński families.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} As of 1874, with the confirmation by part of Imperial Russia of the Hutten-Czapski title, the descendants of Karol Hutten-Czapski (1777–1818), began to use a new family achievement.[13] The new coat of arms includes two eagles, with Leliwa crests on their chests, on either side acting as supporters of the shield. Below the shield and two eagles is the family motto: "Vitam Pariae Honorem Nemini" (No life Without Honor for Country). The shield is quartered into four squares, upper left and lower right with the Hutten crest, and upper right and lower left, the Leliwa crest. Above is a nine pointed crown representing the title of Count. Above the crown, to the right, Representing the Czpaski name, is a crowned helmet with five peacock feathers on which is placed the half moon and star of Leliwa. To the Left, representing the Hutten name, mounted on a helmet,is a bearded man dressed in red and white robe and cap. Notable descendants{{main|Hutten-Czapski|Czapski}}
References1. ^{{cite book |title=Historisch-heraldisches Handbuch zum genealogischen Taschenbuch der gräflichen Häuser |date=1855 |publisher=Perthes |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TP5lAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA144 }} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Kossakowski |first1=Stansilaw |title=Monografie historyczno-genealogiczne |date=1859 |location=Warsaw |page=112 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019036763;view=1up;seq=128}} 3. ^{{cite book |first1=Kasper |last1=Niesiecki |first2=Jan |last2=Nepomucen Bobrowicz |title=Herbarz Polski |volume=Volume 3|date=1839|publisher=W Lipsku |language=Polish |location=Poland |page=173|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RZEaAAAAYAAJ }} 4. ^{{cite web |last1=Kordowski |first1=Marek |title=Jakub Hutten-Czapski |url=http://jazwiska.pl/kzkp/jakub-hutten-czapski/ |website=opalenie |publisher=Portal Regionalny}} 5. ^{{cite web|first1=Marek |last1=Kordowski |date=2014 |title=Jakub Hutten-Czpaski|url=http://jazwiska.pl/kzkp/jakub-hutten-czapski/|website=jawiska|publisher=Oplaenie.pl}} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Niesiecki |first1=Kasper |title=Herbarz polski, Volume 3 |date=1839 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RZEaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA181 }} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=Czapska |first1=Maria |title=A Family of Central Europe : Through the Storm |date=2014 |publisher=Znak & Czapski |location=Krakow |isbn=978-8324029891}} 8. ^{{cite web |title=Czapscy |url=http://ziemianie.pamiec.pl/pdf/Czapscy.pdf |website=ziemianie.pamiec}} 9. ^{{cite book |last1=Mizwa |first1=Stephen |title=Nicholas Copernicus 1543-1943 |date=1943 |publisher=The Kosciuszko Foundation |location=New York |isbn=9781258999872 |pages=58–59}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=List of Counts (in Russian)|url=http://www.wawrzak.org/tf_boettger/hrabiowie_boettger.htm|website=wawrzak}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Official Website of the Almanach de Saxe Gotha|title=The History and Register of The Nobility of Poland Part II|url=http://www.almanachdegotha.org/id304.html|website=almanachdegotha}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=List of Counts |language=Russian |url=http://www.wawrzak.org/tf_boettger/hrabiowie_boettger.htm |website=wawrzak}} 13. ^{{cite web |last1=Veryovkin-Shelyuto |first1=Vladislav |title=Count von Hutten-Czapski's own coat of arms |url=http://www.nobility.by/families/titled/counts/capski-hutten.shtml |website=Nobility |publisher=Association of the Belarusian gentry}} 14. ^{{cite book |first1=Kasper |last1=Niesiecki |first2=Jan |last2=Nepomucen Bobrowicz |title=Herbasz Polski |date=1839|publisher=W Lipsku|location=Poland |page=179|volume=Volume III|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RZEaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179 }} 15. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |year=1938 |chapter=Tadeusz Nowak |page=182 }} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Battle of Beresteczko, (June 28–30, 1651)|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Beresteczko|website=Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}} 17. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |year=1938 |chapter=Alfons Mańkowski |pages=193–194 }} 18. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |date=1938 |chapter=Alfons Mańkowski |page=185}} 19. ^{{cite book|last1=Bobrowicza|first1=Jana|title=Herbaz Polski|date=1839|publisher=W Lipsku |language=Polish |location=Poland|page=180|volume=Volume III}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Franciszek Tomasz Hutten-Czapski h. Leliwa |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Franciszek-Hutten-Czapski-h-Leliwa/6000000018982711938 |website=geni|publisher=Geni |language=Polish}} 21. ^{{cite book|last1=Bobrowicza|first1=Jana|title=Herbaz Polski|date=1839|publisher=W Lipsku |language=Polish |location=Poland|page=514}} 22. ^{{cite book|last1=Bobrowicza|first1=Jana|title=Herbaz Polski|date=1839|publisher=W Lipsku |language=Polish |location=Poland|page=516}} 23. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume IV, 1938 (Michał Nycz, pp 185-186) 24. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |year=1938 |chapter=Alfons Mańkowski |page=185 }} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Walenty Aleksander Hutten-Czapski h. Leliwa|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Walenty-Hutten-Czapski-h-Leliwa/6000000022924298814|website=geni|publisher=Geni |language=Polish }} 26. ^Vistula Pomerania Biographical Dictionary , Vol. 2, Gdańsk 1992, p. 260-261 27. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary p. 4 p. 195 CZAPSKI Walenty Aleksander (d. 1751), Bishop of Przemysl 28. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |year=1938 |chapter=Alfons Mańkowski |pages=182–183 }} 29. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume IV, 1938 (Alfons Mańkowski, p. 195) 30. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume IV, 1938 (Alfons Mańkowski, p 191-192) 31. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume IV, 1938 (Michał Nycz, pp 186-187) 32. ^{{cite book|last1=Bobrowicza|first1=Jana|title=Herbaz Polski|date=1839|publisher=W Lipsku |language=Polish |location=Poland|page=515|volume=Volume III}} 33. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |year=1938 |chapter=Alfons Mańkowski |pages=183–184 }} 34. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |year=1938 |chapter=Włodzimierz Dworzaczek |pages=192–193 }} 35. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume IV, 1938 (Andrzej Sujkowski pp 184-185) 36. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |year=1938 |chapter=Maria Czapska |pages=189–190 }} 37. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |date=1938 |chapter=Janusz Iwaszkiewicz |page=194}} 38. ^{{cite book |title=Polish Biographical Dictionary |volume=Volume IV |date=1938 |chapter=Maria Czapska |pages=187–188 }} 39. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume IV, 1938 (Maria Czapska, p 191) 40. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume IV, 1938 (Maria Czapska snd Feliks Kopera, pp 181-182) 41. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume IV, 1938 (Włodzimierz Dworzaczek, pp. 178-180) 42. ^Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume IV, 1938 (Włodzimierz Dworzaczek, pp. 178-180) (written by Maria Czapska, pp 190-191) 1 : Polish families |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。