| 词条 | Battle of Guam (1944) |
| 释义 |
|partof = the Asiatic-Pacific Theater of World War II |conflict = Second Battle of Guam |image = First flag on Guam - 1944.jpg |image_size = 250 |caption = Marines planting the American flag |date = {{start and end dates|1944|07|21|1944|08|10|df=y}} |place = Guam, Mariana Islands |result = American victory |combatant1 = {{flagu|United States|1912}} |combatant2 = {{flagu|Japan}} |commander1 = {{ubl|Roy Geiger|Richmond K. Turner|Holland Smith|Allen H. Turnage|Andrew D. Bruce}} |commander2 = {{ubl|Takeshi Takashina{{KIA}}|Hideyoshi Obata{{KIA}}}} |units1 = {{ubl|III Amphibious Corps|3rd Marine Division|77th Infantry Division|1st Provisional Marine Brigade}} |units2 = 31st Army |strength1 = 59,401[1] |strength2 = {{ubl|18,657[1]|40 tanks[1]}} |casualties1 = {{ubl|3,000 killed|7,122 wounded[2]}} |casualties2 = {{ubl|18,000 killed|485 captured[2]}} |campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Marianas and Palaus}} }} The Second Battle of Guam (21 July – 10 August 1944) was the American recapture of the Japanese-held island of Guam, a U.S. territory in the Mariana Islands captured by the Japanese from the U.S. in the 1941 First Battle of Guam during the Pacific campaign of World War II. BackgroundGuam, at 212 square miles (543 square kilometers), is the largest island of the Marianas, with a length of 32 miles (52 km) and a width ranging from 12 miles (19.31 km) to four miles (6.44 km) at different points of the island.[3][4]{{rp|}} It had been a United States possession since its capture from Spain in 1898 until it was captured by the Japanese on 10 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor. During the Japanese occupation of Guam, it was not as heavily fortified as the other Mariana Islands such as Saipan that had been Japanese possessions since the end of World War I. But by 1944, Guam had a large Japanese garrison. The Allied plan for the invasion of the Marianas, Operation Forager, called for heavy preliminary bombardment, first by carrier aircraft and USAAF bombers based in the Marshall Islands to the east, then once air superiority was gained, close bombardment by battleships, cruisers, and destroyers.[4]{{rp|22}} Saipan, Tinian, and Guam were chosen as the targets due to their size, their suitability as a base for supporting the next stage of operations toward the Philippines, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands. The seaport at Apra Harbor was suitable for the largest ships; and air bases for Boeing B-29 Superfortresses could be built from which to bomb Japan. B-24 Liberators from the Marianas could also bomb Iwo Jima and the Bonin Islands, such as Chichi Jima.[4]{{rp|22}} The invasion of Saipan was scheduled for 15 June 1944, with landings on Guam tentatively set for 18 June.[4]{{rp|22}} The original timetable was optimistic, however. A large Japanese carrier attack and stubborn resistance by the unexpectedly large Japanese garrison on Saipan led to the invasion of Guam being postponed for a month.[4]{{rp|25}} U.S. naval and air bombardments lasted from 11–13 June 1944, involving 216 carrier aircraft and land-based B-24 bombers from the Marshall Islands. On the 12th and 13th of the month, 12 Japanese cargo ships and several fishing vessels were sunk. On June 27, U.S. Navy battleships and cruisers started shelling the island, joined by a U.S. carrier group on 4 July, and two more on 6 July.[4]{{rp|42}} Order of BattleUnited States{{multiple image| direction = horizontal | width = 130 | header = US operational commanders at Guam | image1 = VADM_Richard_L._Conolly.jpg | caption1 = Vice Adm. Richard L. Conolly (TF 53) | image2 = Holland-smith-USA-P-Marianas-p194.jpg | caption2 = Lieut. Gen. Holland Smith (Expeditionary Force) | image3 = Roy_Geiger.jpg | caption3 = Maj. Gen. Roy S. Geiger (III Amphib. Corps) }}{{multiple image | direction = horizontal | width = 110 | header = US ground commanders at Guam | image1 = Allen_H._Turnage.jpg | caption1 = Maj. Gen. Allen H. Turnage, USMC | image2 = Lemuel_Cornick_Shepherd_mlajsi.jpg | caption2 = Brig. Gen. L.C. Shepherd, USMC | image3 = A.D. Bruce in uniform.jpg | caption3 = Maj. Gen. Andrew D. Bruce, USA }}Southern Attack Force (Task Force 53) Vice Admiral Richard L. Conolly in amphibious command ship Appalachian
Subordinate unitsIII Marine Amphibious Corps Artillery
1st 155mm Howitzer Battalion
2nd 155mm Howitzer Battalion
3rd Service Battalion
3rd Tank Battalion
1st Battalion, 21st Marines
2nd Battalion, 21st Marines
3rd Battalion, 21st Marines
1st Battalion, 22nd Marines
2nd Battalion, 22nd Marines
3rd Battalion, 22nd Marines
1st Provisional Base Headquarters Battalion
5th Field Depot
Japan{{multiple image| direction = horizontal | width = 120 | header = Japanese commanders on Guam | image1 = Takeshi_Takashina.jpg | caption1 = Lt. Gen. Takeshi Takashina | image2 = Hideyoshi_Obata.jpg | caption2 = Lt. Gen. Hideyoshi Obata }} Overall command: Lt. Gen. Takeshi Takashina (KIA 28 July) Thirty-First Army: Lt. Gen. Hideyoshi Obata (seppuku 11 August) Approx. 19,000 officers and enlisted
Navy Air ServiceAdditional air defense, engineer, signals, etc, support elements BattleGuam, ringed by reefs, cliffs, and heavy surf, presents a formidable challenge for any attacker.[4]{{rp|14}} Underwater demolition teams reconnoitered the beaches and removed obstacles from 14–17 July.[4]{{rp|43}} Despite the obstacles, on 21 July, the American forces landed on both sides of the Orote Peninsula on the western side of Guam, planning to secure Apra Harbor.[4]{{rp|23}} The 3rd Marine Division landed near Agana to the north of Orote at 08:29, and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade landed near Agat to the south.[4]{{rp|24,44}} Japanese artillery sank 20 U.S. LVTs and inflicted heavy casualties on the landing troops, especially of the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, but by 09:00 Marines and tanks were ashore at both beaches. By nightfall, the U.S. Marines, and soldiers of the 77th Infantry Division had established beachheads about {{convert|2000|m|ft|order=flip|-2}} deep.[5] Japanese counterattacks were made throughout the first few days of the battle, mostly at night, using infiltration tactics.The Japanese penetrated the American defenses several times, but were driven back with heavy losses of men and equipment. The U.S. Army's 77th Infantry Division had a more difficult landing on 23–24 July.[4]{{rp|17}} Lacking amphibious vehicles, they had to wade ashore from the edge of the reef where the landing craft dropped them off. The men stationed in the two beachheads were pinned down by heavy Japanese fire, making initial progress inland quite slow. Supply was very difficult[6] for the landing troops on Guam in the first days of the battle. Landing ships could not come closer than the reef, several hundred yards from the beach, and amphibious vehicles were scarce. The 1st Provisional Brigade blocked off the Orote Peninsula on 25 July, and that same night Japanese Lt. General Takashina counterattacked, coordinated with a similar attack against the 3rd Division to the north.[4]{{rp|56}} The next day, General Obata reported, "our forces failed to achieve the desired objectives."[4]{{rp|61}} Lieutenant General Takeshi Takashina was killed on 28 July, and Lieutenant General Hideyoshi Obata took over the command of the Japanese defenders.[4]{{rp|65}} On 28 July, the two beachheads were linked,[4]{{rp|17}} and by 29 July, the Americans secured the peninsula.[4]{{rp|64}} The Japanese counterattacks against the American beachheads, as well as the fierce fighting, had exhausted the Japanese. At the start of August, they were running out of food and ammunition, and they had only a handful of tanks left. Obata withdrew his troops from southern Guam, planning to make a stand in the mountainous central and northern part of the island, "to engage in delaying action in the jungle in northern Guam to hold the island as long as possible".[4]{{rp|65}} After ensuring that no significant Japanese forces operated in the southern portion of Guam, Marine Major General Geiger started an offensive north with the 3rd Marine Division on the left flank, and the 77th Infantry Division on the right, liberating Agana on the same day.[4]{{rp|70}} The Tiyan Airfield was captured on 1 Aug.[4]{{rp|72}} Rain and thick jungle made conditions difficult for the Americans, but after an engagement with the main Japanese line of defense around Mount Barrigada from 2–4 August, the Japanese line collapsed.[4]{{rp|73–74}} The 1st Provisional Brigade formed up on the left flank of the 3rd Marine Division on 7 August because of the widening front and continued casualties, in an effort to prevent the Japanese from slipping through the American gaps.[4]{{rp|75–76}} The Japanese had another stronghold at Mount Santa Rosa, which was secured on 8 Aug.[4]{{rp|74,81}} On 10 August, organized Japanese resistance ended, and Guam was declared secure, but 7,500 Japanese soldiers were estimated to be at large.[4]{{rp|81}} The next day, Obata committed ritual suicide at his headquarters on Mount Mataguac after he had sent a farewell message to Japan.[4]{{rp|81}} AftermathA few Japanese soldiers held out in the jungle after the fighting on Guam.[4]{{rp|87}} On 8 December 1945, three U.S. Marines were ambushed and killed. On 24 January 1972, Japanese Army Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi was discovered by hunters on the island. He had lived alone in a cave for 28 years, near Talofofo Falls. Guam was turned into a base for Allied operations after the battle. Five large airfields were built by the Navy Seabees, and Army Air Forces B-29 bombers flew from Northwest Field and North Field on Guam to attack targets in the Western Pacific and on mainland Japan.[4]{{rp|87–88}} Liberation Day continues to be celebrated on Guam every July 21. {{clear}}Unit awardsNavy Unit Commendation:
Medal of Honor recipientsFour Medal of Honor recipients of the Battle of Guam:
See also
References1. ^Taki, The history of battles of Imperial Japanese Tanks{{full short|date=February 2019}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|title=The Stamford Historical Society, Pride and Patriotism: Stamford's Role in World War II, Battles: Guam 1944 |url=http://www.stamfordhistory.org/ww2_guam.htm |website=www.stamfordhistory.org |accessdate=15 October 2018}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ns.gov.gu/geography.html|title=Guam's Geography at ns.gov.gu|website=ns.gov.gu|access-date=2016-05-02}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 {{cite book |author=Rottman, G. |year=2004 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=9781841768113 |title=Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest}} 5. ^Gailey (1988), pp.90–112. 6. ^{{cite video | year =1944 | title =Video: Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. (1944) | url = https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39024 | publisher =Universal Newsreel | accessdate =21 February 2012 }} Further reading
| location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-1-905246-69-4 }}
External links{{commons|Battle of Guam}}
11 : Conflicts in 1944|Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II|History of Guam|1944 in Guam|World War II operations and battles of the Pacific theatre|Battles of World War II involving Japan|Battles of World War II involving the United States|United States Marine Corps in World War II|Amphibious operations of World War II|July 1944 events|August 1944 events |
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