“Dai bamboo house”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Dai bamboo house is a type of stilt building primarily constructed of bamboo.

Bamboo houses were a common type of building of Dai nationals. The lower floor was about seven or eight feet high, and the horses and oxen were hitched to the posts. There was a terrace near the upper stairs, which turned into a large long room with. The rest of the house was a large open space with a low roof, sloping on both sides, eaves to the floor and, generally, no windows. If the eaves were slightly higher, there were small windows on both sides and a door on the back. In the middle of the building was a fire pool, burning day and night. The roof was covered with thatch, and all the doors and windows are made of bamboo. The construction was so easy that it only took a few days to cut down bamboo and gather neighbors together to build. However, they were also perishable and had to be repaired each year after the rainy season. This construction method was conducive to damp roof, drainage of rain, and to cater to the topography of the PingBa area.

Most Dai nationals live in the Pingba region. With no snow all year round, abundant rainfall, an annual average temperature of 21 ℃, without four seasons, the environment is very suitable for building bamboo structures. Besides being breathable and cool, bamboo buildings also have the function of avoiding miasma, dampness and flooding, preventing insects and snakes from entering and resisting earthquakes. In addition, they are easy to set up.^[1]

Detail

The entire structure of a traditional Dai bamboo building is made of bamboo bundling. The walls are also made of bamboo sticks (thin pieces of bamboo), while the roof is covered with straw clamped by bamboo sticks. The overall weight of a bamboo building is very light.

Dai people live in a flat river valley. When it rains heavily, the open network of pillars at the building's base allow water to flow quickly. Even if the river rises, bamboo sticks tied to girders can be removed to cut the buoyancy of the house as a whole so as not to be washed away. When the river recedes, bamboo sticks can be tied up again without affecting the structure or use. Houses like this one built on stilts, are called columnar structures and are more than 10,000 years old.^[2] Most bamboo buildings now use hardwood for column beams and local materials, built into the next two floors of the small building. On the ground floor only the pillars supporting the house can be used to raise livestock and pile up sundries. The upper floor is the space where people live, and can be divided into a porch, hall, bedroom, and balcony. This kind of small building does not have a courtyard. Though it covers a small area, usable space abounds. The cost of local materials is low, and the building itself is permeable, in line with the local climate and topography. This kind of ancient residential form dating back more than 10,000 years has been preserved to this day.^[3]

Appearance

Dai people are in the subtropical, villages are near the water Pingba, creek banks, river banks, lakes and marshes around, where green bamboo around the shade of trees, there must be Dai villages. The large Dai stockade houses two or three hundred families, while the small dai stockade houses only have ten or twenty families. Houses are single, surrounded by open space, each family into their own courtyard. In the western Yunnan area, there are many earthen wall bungalow, each house is divided into three bedrooms and guest hall, which is obviously influenced by han people and is not the inherent form of Dai nationality. The area of southern Yunnan is bamboo house wood frame completely, go up to live person, go down to live animal, style all approximates one big tent. The residence of chieftain noble, need not bamboo more and build with wood, style still is like bamboo building, slightly tall only, do not spread thatch and use tile to build a top instead. Dai bamboo tower, the lower level of the four empty, every morning when cattle and horses out of the fence, it will be excrement and urine clearance, so that the sun all day long, people living in the upper level, will not be fumigated foul gas. Dai bamboo building is well ventilated, warm in winter and cool in summer. The furniture in the room is very simple, bamboo is the most, all tables, chairs, beds, boxes, cages, baskets, are made of bamboo.

Types

The traditional bamboo house can be divided into three types—Payasangtudi,^[4] Mahasati and Henmen. In the past, the Dai Bamboo House was divided into two types: the official bamboo house and the civilian bamboo house.

The officer’s bamboo house is spacious and bright. It adopts the style of Western “gothic architecture”, the shape of the house is square, and the shape of the roof is like a pyramid. The entire bamboo house is supported by 20 to 24 huge wooden stakes, which are built on stone. People always sculpted religious figures on wooden stakes. The internal shape is simple. The main room in the middle is the guest room. The living room is usually divided into two or three rooms for the owner's wife and children. The room of the officer's bamboo house is about 30 square meters and can accommodate about 20 people. Compared with the official bamboo house, the bamboo house of the people is quite narrow. The roof is covered with couch grass. The wooden pile cannot be built on the stone, and the figure cannot be carved on the wooden pile.^[5]

Development

In the process of bamboo house development, Dai people used their talents to constantly improve their structure and materials. For example, over time, they have learned to place large marbles under the pillars of the house so that the pillars do not touch the ground directly. This prevents moisture from climbing up the pillars, thus protecting the bamboo house from decay. In order to make bamboo houses more durable, the Dai people have also created many practical and effective bamboo and wood treatment methods. To dissolve some soluble substances, such as xylose, some bamboo must be saturated for months in a river or pond, spoiling the starch so that it does not attract moths or parasitic microorganisms. Wood that must be buried underground is first burned to make the ground harder and to give it a layer of protection.^[6]

Disadvantages

Bamboo houses are vulnerable to fire. Therefore, each community sets its own rules. In the daytime of the dry season, no one is allowed to use fire; if a fire must be used, the user must go to a designated site. Therefore, bamboo houses are very rare. The house is filled with smoke, and its chemical properties help it resist erosion and moths.

Dai Villages and Homes

The Dai people usually live in villages of about 40 households. There are as many as 100 households in the big village. These villages are usually built on rivers or creeks and usually feature tall eucalyptus trees and exquisite Buddhist temples or pagodas.

The Dai people often live in large bamboo houses built on the wet ground in the rainforest area. There are chickens and pigs under the house, and there is a fenced garden around the house. A typical house is 10 by 10 meters high, 2 to 3 meters above the ground, supported by wood and bamboo, the walls and floors are woven with bamboo, and the roof is a sloping thatched roof supported by bamboo poles. The house is usually divided into an inner bedroom and an outer living room with a fireplace for the kitchen. Those who can afford it are covered with floors and tiled roofs.

The traditional residence of the Dai people has a spire and a second-floor balcony. Many Dai people now build houses with bricks and concrete. Some Dai houses have been influenced by the Chinese. They are built around the courtyard, only one meter above the ground, with mud-brick walls, thatched roofs or tiled roofs.^[2]

Life purpose

The floor of the bamboo building is square, and the ground floor is more overhead without walls, for raising livestock and piling up debris, upstairs there are the main room and bedroom, the main room with a fire pond, is a place to cook tea and family reunion; outside, there is an open front porch and a balcony. The front porch is the place where the host works, eats, rests and receives guests during the day. It is bright and airy. Sundeck is master wash one's hands and face, bask in clothes, air basks in crop and the place that deposit water jar. This corridor is an indispensable part of the bamboo building. Such a bamboo building a damp, two heat ventilation, three can avoid the invasion of insects and beasts, four can avoid the impact of floods. Because here annual rainfall concentration, often send flood, downstairs overhead, the wall and many gaps of bamboo sticks, so it is very conducive to the passage of the flood.

Dai people believe in Buddhism and have many superstitious taboos. Almost every village has a Buddhist temple. It is stipulated that now houses shall be built on the opposite and side of the Buddhist temple; the floor height of the houses shall not exceed the mesa on which the Buddha sits in the Buddhist temple. Due to the difference of economic disparity, housing was in size and quality of the people in the village cannot be compared with his head, but also made many provisions in the building, such as labor people cannot build the tile houses, are not allowed to do carving decoration, the arches are not allowed to make three rooms, a room cannot use six lattice door, even no stairs into two segments, upstairs and downstairs pillars cannot use a long wood, also not stone column development and so on. Such restrictions have indeed affected the technical development of residential buildings, making it impossible for a large number of residential buildings to support a long life.^[7]

Inheritance

Dai bamboo building is usually a single building, suitable for small family life. That is because Dai people follow the system of inheritance of the youngest son, which means that the older children must live independently from their parents.^[7]

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2006-04/14/content_254139.htm|title=傣族|website=www.gov.cn|access-date=2018-12-14}}
2. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat5/sub31/entry-4396.html|title=DAI LIFE, HOUSES, FOOD AND MARRIAGE {{!}} Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-14}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.uchinavisa.com/bamboo-house.html|title=Bamboo House of The Dai People|website=www.uchinavisa.com|access-date=2018-12-14}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://vod.sxrtvu.edu/englishonline/culture/chinaculture/chinaculture/en_chinaway/2005-02/23/content_66304.htm|title=Up Close to Dai Bamboo Houses|website=vod.sxrtvu.edu|access-date=2018-12-14}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.chinaculture.org/chineseway/2010-12/24/content_402546_3.htm|title=The Dai Ethnic Group’s Great Wisdom: The Bamboo House|website=en.chinaculture.org|access-date=2018-12-14}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2011-01/05/content_11798460.htm|title=The Dai ethnic group’s great wisdom: the bamboo house|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2018-12-14}}
7. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://www.cits.net/china-travel-guide/bamboo-buildings-of-the-dai-ethnics.html|title=Bamboo Buildings of the Dai Ethnics - CITS|website=www.cits.net|access-date=2018-12-14}}